AP Language Rhetoric and Argument Flashcards

7391355291	fallacy	an error in reasoning	0
7391355292	logos	an appeal to logic	1
7391355293	pathos	an appeal to emotions	2
7391355294	ethos	an appeal to author's credibility	3
7391355295	slippery slope	A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented	4
7391355296	bandwagon	A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.	5
7391355297	post hoc	Arguments confuse chronology with causation: the belief that one event cannot occur after another without being caused by it.	6
7391355298	straw man	a logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position	7
7391355299	ad hominem	An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack.	8
7391355300	inductive reasoning	A method of reasoning in which a number of specific facts or examples are used to make a generalization.	9
7391355301	deductive reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.	10
7391355302	backing	supports the warrant	11
7391355303	conditions of rebuttal	anticipates and addresses the counter-arguments; rebuttal attacks the reasons and grounds &/or the warrant and backing	12
7391355304	qualifier	limits the claim (since there are few absolutes)	13
7391355305	telegraphic sentences	shorter than 5 words	14
7391355306	short sentences	approximately 5 words in length	15
7391355307	long and involved sentences	30 words or more in length (How does the sentence length fit the subject matter? What variety of lengths is present? How is length effective?)	16
7391355308	declarative (assertive)	makes a statement ex. The king is sick.	17
7391355309	imperative	gives a command ex. Cure the king.	18
7391355310	interrogative	asks a question ex. Is the king sick?	19
7391355311	exclamatory	provides emphasis or expresses strong emotion ex. Long live the king!	20
7391355312	simple sentence	contains one subject and one verb (independent clause)	21
7391355313	compound sentence	contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction (FANBOYS) or by a semicolon	22
7391355314	complex sentences	contains an independent clause and one or more subordinate (dependent) clauses	23
7391355315	loose sentence	A sentence that could end before the modifying phrases without losing its coherence 'We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change.'" - Kennedy	24
7391355316	periodic sentence	A complex sentence that only makes sense when the end of the sentence is reached ex. That morning, after a long flight, we reached Edmonton.	25
7391355317	balanced sentence	the phrases or clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length	26
7391355318	natural order	constructing a sentence so that the subject comes before the predicate	27
7391355319	inverted order (sentence inversion)	constructing a sentence so that the predicate comes before the subject ex. In Florida grow the oranges.	28
7391355320	active voice	the subject performs the action	29
7391355321	appositives	set off by commas, adds information ex. My teacher, the lovely Mrs. Ayer, does not assign that much homework.	30
7391355322	author asides	usually in parentheses; author intrudes story ex. She could not choose between the two suitors. (Patience, dear reader. These matters will soon be settled.)	31
7391355323	ellipsis	allows material to be extracted without altering meaning of larger piece	32
7391355324	parallel structure (parallelism)	grammatical or structural similarity between sentences of parts of a sentence. It involves a mirroring of arrangement of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs	33
7391355325	rhetorical question	a question that expects no answer. It is used to draw attention to a point and is generally stronger than a direct statement	34
7391355326	alliteration	repetition of initial consonant sound of several consecutive or neighboring words	35
7391355327	allusion	an indirect reference to a mythological, literary, or historical person, place, or thing	36
7391355328	antithesis	involves a direct contrast of structurally or denotative word groupings, generally for the purpose of contrast	37
7391355329	apostrophe	a form of personification in which the absent, the dead, or abstract concepts are spoken to as if present	38
7391355330	assonance	the repetition of accented vowel sound in a series of words ex: 'Cause, baby, now we got bad BLOOD You know it used to be mad LOVE So take a look what you've DONE... -Swift	39
7391355331	consonance	the repetition of a consonant within words in a series of words to produce a harmonious effect ex: Do noT go genTle inTo thaT good nighT - Thomas	40
7391355332	hyperbole	a deliberate, extravagant, and often outrageous exaggeration. It may be used for either serious or comic effect	41
7391355333	levels of diction	elevated, formal, scholarly neutral informal, low, vulgar, colloquial	42
7391355334	elevated, formal, scholarly	usually contains language that creates an elevated tone. It is free of slang, idioms, colloquialisms, contractions, and contradiction. It often contains polysyllabic words, sophisticated syntax, and elegant word choice.	43
7391355335	neutral	standard language and vocabulary without elaborate words	44
7391355336	informal	the language of everyday use. It is relaxed and conversational. It often includes common and simple words, idioms, slang, jargon, and contractions	45
7391355337	dialect	a nonstandard subgroup of language with its own vocabulary and grammatical features. Writers often use regional dialects the reveal a social or economic class (Use this term instead of "accent")	46
7391355338	jargon	consists of words and expressions characteristic of a particular trade, profession or pursuit	47
7391355339	slang	refers to a recently coined word or phrase, often out of usage within months or years, often meant to exclude	48
7391355340	vulgar	coarse, common, vernacular, lacking in cultivation or taste	49
7391355341	abstract diction	refers to words that express ideas or concepts: love, time, truth. Leaves out some characteristics found in each individual, and instead observes a quality common to many	50
7391355342	concrete diction	refers to words that we can immediately perceive with our senses- dog, actor, chemical	51
7391355343	connotation	the implications of words or phrases as well as its/their exact meaning	52
7391355344	denotation	the strict, literal, dictionary definition of the word devoid of emotion, attitude or color	53
7391355345	allegory	a prolonged metaphor, a narrative in which characters, objects, and events have underlaying political, religious, moral, or social meanings	54
7391355346	anachronism	assignment of something to a time when it was not in existence	55
7391355347	archetype	an abstract or ideal conception of a type;a perfectly typical example;an original model or form. HERO, Damsel in distress, femme fatale	56
7391355348	conceit	unusual and elaborate comparison between two very different things	57
7391355349	metaphor	a comparison of two unlike things	58
7391355350	metonymy	the use of the name of one thing for that of another associated or suggested by it. ex: white house=government	59
7391355351	motif	the repetition or variation of an image or an idea in a work that is used to develop the theme or characters ex: light and dark in Scarlet Letter	60
7391355352	oxymoron	a form of paradox that combines a pair of opposite terms into a single unusual expression. ex: bittersweet, going down in an elavator	61
7391355353	paradox	a statement that appears contradictory at first, but actually represents a truth	62
7391355354	personification	giving human characterisics to inanimate objects or abstract ideas	63
7391355355	simile	a comparison of two different things using like or as	64
7391355356	synecdoche	a part of something stands for the whole. Ex: all hands on deck	65
7391355357	atmosphere/mood	the emotive response elicited in the reader	66
7391355358	epiphany	a sudden insight or understanding. An intuitive grasp of reality achieved in a quick flash of recognition in which something, usually simple and commonplace, is seen in a new light	67
7391355359	speaker	the person who narrates	68
7391355360	In Medias Res	In the middle of things. it is the literary device of opening the story in the middle of the action. The narrative generally unfolds via flashback, as is logical	69
7391355361	stream of consciousness	a style of writing that portrays the inner and often chaotic workings of a speaker's mind through interior monologue	70
7391355362	tone	the attitude a speaker or writer takes towards a subject	71
7391355363	voice	the writer's distinctive use of language in a story; similar to style	72
7391355364	rhetorical devices	the tools and mechanisms a writer employs to develop their strategy; four main categories are addition, subtraction, substitution, transposition (from "ab ovo" to "zeugma" - this is an almost infinite list, we'll try to learn some of the more frequent techniques)	73
7391355365	rhetorical techniques	how the author chooses to develop the piece through tone, diction, syntax, organization, and point of view	74
7391355366	rhetorical strategy	the organizational structure of a piece (there may be more than one employed); examples include cause & effect, compare & contrast, process analysis, definition, and more	75
7391355367	anaphora	the same words begin successive sentences for emphasis. anaphora mimics biblical syntax - hence, when an author uses anaphora, it is used to create authority	76
7391355368	epizeuxis	repeating words in immediate succession. Ex: The horror the horror.	77
7391355369	anadiplosis	the repetition of a key word, especially the last one, at the beginning of the next sentence of clause. Ex: He gave his life;life was all he could give	78
7391355370	chiasmus	a pattern in which the second part is balanced against the first, but with the parts reversed. Ex: flowers are lovely, but love is flowerlike	79
7391355371	asyndeton	the practice of leaving out the usual conjunctions between coordinate sentence elements. Ex: smile, shake hands, part	80
7391355372	polysyndeton	the use of more conjunctions than is normal. Ex: lions and tigers and bears	81
7391355373	understatement & litotes	the opposite of hyperbole ("Just a flesh wound" - Monty Python)	82
7391355374	verbal irony	saying one thing but meaning another	83
7391355375	dramatic irony	the audience knows something that the character does not	84
7391355376	situational irony	a situation in which there is an incongruity between appearance and reality or expectation and fulfillment, or between the actual situation and what would seem appropriate. An example is seeing your health teacher smoke a cigarette.	85
7391355377	cosmic-irony of fate	this is when luck, fate, or chance, is deliberately frustrating human efforts	86
7391355378	ambiguity	a technique by which a writer deliberately suggest two or more different and sometimes conflicting meanings in a word, phrase, or entire work	87
7391355379	juxtaposition	a poetic and rhetorical device in which normal unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit	88
7391355380	antecedent	that which goes before, especially the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers	89
7391355381	structure	the arrangement of materials within a work; the relationship of the parts of work to a whole; the logical divisions of a work	90
7391355382	style	the mode of expression in language; the characteristic manner of expression of an author. Many elements contribute to style, most notably, diction and syntax.	91
7391355383	modes of discourse	narration, description, argument, exposition	92
7391355384	zeugma	a figure of speech in which a word applies to two others (usually in a different sense)	93
7391355385	litote	understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary (e.g., you won't be sorry, meaning you'll be glad ).	94
7391355386	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	95
7391355387	enthymeme	A syllogism in which one of the premises is already so widely known and accepted that it is omitted	96
7391355388	claim	A statement or assertion that is open to challenge and that requires support	97
7391355389	reasons	Support claims; each claim likely has many of these	98
7391355390	warrant	Unstated assumption	99
7391355391	grounds	Similar to confirmatio; this is the evidence that functions as the foundation and support for the claim.	100
7391355392	Rogerian	Seeks common ground, builds trust, and reduces threat	101
7391355393	Toulmin	An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher. Template: because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).	102
7391355394	hypophora	asking a question and then answering it	103
7391355395	Cicero's classical oration	a traditional arrangement for oral arguments	104
7391355396	Aristotle's appeals	three ways to gain the audience's support of one's ideas: logos, ethos, pathos	105
7391355397	passive voice	the subject is acted upon; the subject receives the action expressed by the verb Ex: the boy was bitten by the dog.	106
7391355398	rhetoric	The art of using language effectively and persuasively	107
7391355399	pro and con synthesis	a form of argument whereby one moves from point to counterpoint and synthesizes the conclusion	108
7391355400	slanting	a fallacy wherein information is exaggerated or suppressed	109
7391355401	unrepresentative sample	data is flawed due to limited scope	110
7391355402	non sequitur	an attempt to tie together unrelated ideas	111
7391355403	red herring	information that is related to the topic, but not germane to the argument	112
7391355404	faulty syllogism	attempts to get more out of the premise than is warranted	113
7391355405	false analogy	comparing two events or issues that do not have that much in common	114
7391355406	either/or; false dichotomy; black/white fallacy	limits a complex issue to just two options	115
7391355407	argument from ignorance; appeal to ignorance	the argument that, since it can't be proven untrue, it must be true	116
7391355408	false authority	when people offer themselves or unreliable/suspicious sources as authorities on the subject	117
7391355409	begging the question; circular reasoning	supporting the premise with the premise	118
7391355410	hook	The first sentence or question in an essay that is designed to grab the reader's attention	119
7391362591	analogy	A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way	120
7391368521	anthropomorphism	the attribution of human characteristics to animals or inanimate objects (arms, legs, etc.; NOT PERSONIFICATION)	121
7391378394	aphorism	A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.	122
7391381934	anecdote	a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person	123
7391392255	antagonist	A character or force in conflict with the main character	124
7391394491	anticlimax	a disappointing end to an exciting or impressive series of events	125
7391400052	argumentation writing	the process of developing or presenting an argument; reasoning	126
7391405492	attitude	A speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.	127
7391414460	caricature	A grotesque or exaggerated likeness of striking qualities in persons and things.	128
7391418363	causal analysis writing	seeks to identify and understand the reasons why things are as they are and hence enabling focus of change activity; links actions or events along a time -line; tells why something happens, is happening, or will probably happen; used to inform, entertain, speculate, argue; cause/effect writing	129
7391446901	clause	a syntactic construction containing a subject and predicate and forming part of a sentence or constituting a whole simple sentence	130
7391459764	cliche	a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought.	131
7391464843	colloquial	used in ordinary or familiar conversation; not formal or literary	132
7391480223	classification and division	in a __________________ essay the writer organizes, or sorts, things into categories. _______________ separates items into categories	133
7391495657	coherence	the quality of being logical, orderly, and clearly connected	134
7391502611	climax	the most intense, exciting, or important point of something; a culmination or apex.	135
7391504950	abstract	existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence.	136
7391508457	definition writing	_______________ essay explains what a term means	137
7391515902	didactic	having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing	138
7391519609	dramatic monologue	when a single speaker in literature says something to a silent audience	139
7391523815	digression	a temporary departure from the main subject in speech or writing	140
7391528114	discourse	Communication of thought by words; talk; conversation	141
7391533954	dominant impression	principal effect the author wishes to create for the audience, guides selection of detail and made clear in thesis	142
7391551402	editorializing	Opinionated comments that go beyond just stating the straightforward reporting	143
7391553724	euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	144
7391557590	epithet	A descriptive name or phrase used to characterize someone or something	145
7391561494	escape literature	work written primarily for entertainment	146
7391566460	exposition	provides important background information and introduces the characters	147
7391569594	equivocation	When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument. Ex) A feather is light. What is light cannot be dark. Therefore, a feather cannot be dark.	148
7391583494	farce	a play filled with ridiculous or absurd happenings	149
7391593052	figurative language	a way of saying one thing and meaning something else	150
7391596057	figure of speech	an example of figurative language that states something that is not literally true in order to create an effect	151
7391604629	foil	character that contrasts another character	152
7391609006	inference	A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning	153
7391611386	invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	154
7391613553	language devices	tools that writers use to express their thoughts Ex) figurative language, sound devices, rhetorical devices	155
7391625859	maxim	A concise statement, often offering advice; an adage	156
7391630199	monologue	A long speech made by one performer or by one person in a group to other people	157
7391634129	narrative	writing that tells a story	158
7391638571	naturalistic detail	the practice of describing precisely the actual circumstances of human life in literature	159
7391652511	rhetorical modes	(modes of discourse) describe the variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing	160
7391659585	objective description	factual logical description	161
7391666298	parody	a work which imitates another in a ridiculous manner	162
7391669592	pathetic fallacy	the attributing of human emotion and conduct to all aspects within nature	163
7391674169	pedantic	excessively concerned with book learning and formal rules	164
7391679637	persuasion writing	convince reader of writer's argument	165
7391684612	pedestrian	lacking vitality and originality	166
7391693224	protagonist	The central character in a work of literature	167
7391710392	proverb	a short pithy saying in general use, stating a general truth or piece of advice.	168
7391713080	pun	a play on words that are identical or similar in sound but have sharply diverse meanings	169
7391718060	pace (pacing)	manipulation of time	170
7391721608	satire	A literary work that ridicules or criticizes a human vice through humor or derision	171
7391724187	semantic	Having to do with the meaning of words or language (Contrast with syntax)	172
7391734644	dependent clause	A phrase that can't stand alone as a complete sentence.	173
7391737640	main clause	a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence; must contain noun and verb	174
7391744971	subject-by-subject	write separate essay about each subject but discuss saim points for both subjects	175
7391757936	narrative structure	the way in which a work is organized; dependent on genre and many other factors	176
7391769926	thesis	a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved.	177
7391772267	comparison/contrast	paper that involves comparing who two subjects are alike and contrasting their differences	178
7391785127	wit	intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights	179