AP Human Geography Language Flashcards

9964970806	Accent	the manner in which people speak and the way words are pronounced in different parts of the world	0
9964974589	Afro- Asiatic language family	A large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa, about 250 languages includes semitic languages ,Egyptian - [now extinct]; and is most common in north Africa, northeast Africa, and north parts of central Africa.	1
9964976560	Antolian/Renfew Hypothesis	he proposed that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe's Indo-European languages (from Anatolia (present-day Turkey)); North African and Arabian languages (from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent); and the languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India (from the eastern arc of the Fertile Crescent)	2
9964976561	creole	language that results from the th mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated	3
9964976562	dialect	A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation	4
9964976614	dialect chain	A set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related	5
9964981337	extinct language	A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.	6
9964981338	ideogram	The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English.	7
9964981490	indo european language	A family of languages consisting of most of the languages of Europe as well as those of Iran, the Indian subcontinent, and other parts of Asia, 50% of people on Earth speak this, most of language families.	8
9964983719	germanic language	(English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the west and south	9
9964983720	isogloss	A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs	10
9964983721	isolated language	A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.	11
9964986370	kurgan hypothesis	The hypothesis that Indo-European speakers reached Europe from the Pontic steppes in the Bronze Age.	12
9964986371	language	A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.	13
9964986491	language branch	A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago.	14
9964988383	language family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.	15
9964988384	language group	A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.	16
9964992335	language convergence	The collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages; the opposite of language divergence	17
9964992336	language divergence	The opposite of language convergence; whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the language into discrete new languages	18
9964994836	lingua franca	A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages. ex- Swahili	19
9964994837	literary tradition	A language that is written as well as spoken; system of written communication. NOT all languages have this.	20
9965010067	national language	The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications. but it is not the official language.	21
9965010090	nostratic hypothesis	Language believed to be the ancestral language not only of Proto-Indo-European, but also of the Kartvelian languages of the of the southern Caucasus region, the Uralic-Altaic languages (including Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian),	22
9965013426	official language	in multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion;	23
9965013427	pidgin	A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	24
9965013428	polygot	knowing or using several languages	25
9965015592	romance languages	The part of indo-european family; Is clustered in southwestern Europe and Latin America (french, Spanish, Italian)	26
9965015593	sino-tibetan language	A language composed of the Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages. 20% of people speak these languages .	27
9965015716	slang	an informal, often short-lived kind of language used in place of standard words. yo = hello cuz = because	28
9965017878	slavic languages	Languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian) that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago	29
9965017879	standard language	The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	30
9965017880	trade language	A language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other.	31
9965022961	toponym	the name by which a geographical place is known	32
9965022962	vernacular	the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)	33