AP HUG Language Flashcards

8194001640	language is...	a system of communication that uses signs, symbols, gestures, marks, or vocal sounds to communicate thoughts, feelings, and ideas	0
8194014386	differences in language	grammar, writing direction, alphabets, and allowable sounds	1
8194020682	most spoken language family	Indo-European	2
8194093380	most commonly spoken languages (top 5)	1. Mandarin 2. Spanish 3.English 4. Arabic 5. Hindi	3
8194103247	Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis or Renfew Hypothesis	developed by Colin Renfew; Indo-European started in the Fertile Cresent; stated that language diffuse peacefully through ag trade	4
8194120923	Conquest Theory	developed by Marjinja Gimbutas; The theory states the Indo-European was spread by the Kurgain Warriors when they conquered other areas. Also stated that is began in the vicinity of Russia.	5
8194136553	language divergence	spatial interactions between speakers break down causing ne words to develop; cause new languages	6
8194143912	language convergence	2 languages become one due to spatial interaction; causes language extinction	7
8194151417	language families	languages with a shared, but fairly distant origin	8
8194158947	dialects	regional variants of a standard language	9
8194168190	linguistic fragmentation	occurs when people in a country speak many different languages	10
8194180283	official language	the language used by the government when making laws	11
8194186094	toponymy	the study of place names	12
8194188288	descriptive toponym	derives from physical features	13
8194194953	associative toponym	named after something associated with the place	14
8194196205	commemorative toponym	commemorating someone or thing	15
8194196206	manufactured toponym	a name that is made up by people that isn't special	16
8194198482	incident toponym	named after an event	17
8194198483	possessive toponym	named for a person, perhaps founder	18
8194229829	English language origin	Germanic tribes, Latin, Old norse, Norman, French, Celtic tribe	19
8194249046	Old English	450CE- 1100CE	20