AP Biology Evolution Flashcards

9685924363	homologous structures	structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry	0
9685924364	vestigial structures	remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors	1
9685924365	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	2
9685924366	Hardy-Weinberg	the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work	3
9685924367	gene pool	the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population	4
9685924368	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	5
9685924369	natural selection	a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	6
9685924370	genetic drift	changes in the gene pool due to random events	7
9685924371	founder effect	when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	8
9685924372	bottleneck effect	when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether	9
9685924373	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	10
9685924374	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other	11
9685924375	disruptive selection	when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes	12
9685924376	stabilizing selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants	13
9685924377	sexual selection	a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	14
9685924379	diploidy	the state of being diploid, that is having two sets of chromosomes	15
9685924380	heterozygote advantage	when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous	16
9685924381	frequency-dependent selection	fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population	17
9685924382	speciation	the process by which one species splits into two or more species	18
9685924383	microevolution	changes over time in allele frequencies in a population	19
9685924384	macroevolution	the broad pattern of evolution over long time spans	20
9685924385	species	a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups	21
9685924386	reproductive isolation	the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring	22
9685924387	hybrids	offspring that result from interspecific mating	23
9685924388	prezygotic barriers	impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)	24
9685924389	post zygotic barriers	prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown	25
9685924390	allopatric speciation	gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations	26
9685924391	sympatric speciation	speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)	27
9685924392	polyploidy	extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division	28
9685924395	punctuated equilibrium	the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change	29
9685924398	endosymbiosis	mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells	30
9685924399	adaptive radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities	31
9685924400	homeotic genes	master regulatory genes that determine such basic features as where a pair of wings and a pair of legs will develop on a bird or how a plant's flower parts are arranged	32
9685924401	phylogeny	the evolutionary history of a species or group of species	33
9685924403	phylogenetic tree	evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram	34
9685924404	analogy	similarity due to convergent evolution	35
9685924405	homology	similarity due to shared ancestry	36
9685924407	outgroup	a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying	37
9685924408	maximum parsimony	a principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts	38
9685924409	molecular clock	a yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates	39
9685924411	Darwin's Theory (five parts)	1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)	40
9685924412	Cryptic species	Species which look almost identical but that are very different in other traits	41
9685924413	Monophyletic	A branch on a phylogenetic tree that contains all decscendants of a common ancestor	42
9685924414	Abiogenesis	origin of life from nonliving matter	43
9685924416	last universal common ancestor (LUCA)	a common ancestor to all organisms that live and had lived on Earth	44
9685924417	protocell	organic polymers enclosed in a membrane	45
9685924419	geologic timescale	division of the history of Earth into eras, periods and epochs	46
9685924420	extinction	total disappearance of all members of a species	47
9685924421	mass extinction	total disappearance of a large number a species within a few million years	48
9685924423	fitness	ability to produce surviving offspring	49
9685924430	fossil	remains and traces of evidence of past life	50
9685924431	paleontology	study of the fossil record	51