AP Psych: Chapter 3 Flashcards
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| 7630972651 | Sensation | Information brought in through our 5 senses | 0 | |
| 7630977004 | Stimuli | Anything in the environment that is picked up by our senses Ex: dog barking, smelly garbage | 1 | |
| 7630980043 | Transduction | Changing physical energy into electrical signals (neural impulses) that can make their way to the brain Ex: vibrations of sound into neural messages | 2 | |
| 7630989616 | Sensory Receptors | Specialized neurons or other types of cells triggered by different stimuli Ex: eyes & light, ears & vibrations, touch & pressure/temp., taste/smell & chemical substances | 3 | |
| 7631001149 | Weber's Law (jnd) | -just noticeable differences Easier to tell the difference between weak stimuli and harder to detect change when the stimulus is stronger Ex: it is easier to tell when music gets softer compared to it getting louder | 4 | |
| 7631005326 | Gustav Fetcher | -Absolute Threshold The lowest level of stimulation that can be consciously detected Ex: Whats the smallest amount of wasabi that can be in sushi for one to not notice? | 5 | |
| 7631019852 | Subliminal Stimuli | unconscious level of stimuli (below threshold) | 6 | |
| 7631025231 | Habituation | The way the brains deals with unchanging information in environment Ex: the constant sound of the A/C becomes numb the longer we hear it | 7 | |
| 7631032354 | Sensory Adaptation | Cells become less stimulated to unchanging stimulus Ex: the 3rd chip doesn't compare to the first | 8 | |
| 7631048955 | Selective Attention | The ability to focus on one stimulus ignoring other sensory input -can only see, hear or feel what we focus on | 9 | |
| 7631055763 | 3 aspects to our perception of light | 1. Brightness 2. Saturation 3. Color | 10 | |
| 7631056611 | Brightness | determined by amplitude of wave -higher wave = brighter light -lower wave = dimmer light | 11 | |
| 7631061211 | Color (hue) | determined by wavelength -longer wave = red -shorter wave = blue | 12 | |
| 7631069853 | Saturation | the purity of the colors we see Ex: bright red sunsets | 13 | |
| 7631074363 | Cornea | -covers surface of eye and protects eye -focuses on most light coming in -fixed curvature (like a camera lens) -bends light waves so the image can focus on retina | 14 | |
| 7631080660 | Iris | A muscle that controls size of pupil (colored part of eye) -helps focus on image | 15 | |
| 7631082685 | Pupil | Changes size depending on amount of light in environment -where light enters | 16 | |
| 7631089036 | Aqueous Humor | Clear fluid that nourishes eye | 17 | |
| 7631094584 | Retina | Absorbs and processes light info -last stop until light becomes neural message to brain -contains the 3 layers of photoreceptor cells | 18 | |
| 7631099418 | Photoreceptor cells | 1. Rods & Cones 2. Bipolar Cells 3. Ganglion Cells | 19 | |
| 7631106203 | Rods | -helps w/ dark adaptation -sensitive to changes in brightness -displays fuzzy images and shades of black, white and grey -peripheral retina | 20 | |
| 7631116198 | Cones | -help w/ light adaption (adapts quicker than rods) -concentrated in center of retina -displays fine detail and color vision -needs light to function well | 21 | |
| 7631120955 | Optic Nerve | -sends visual info to the brain b/c it connects our eyes to the neural parts of brain -made up of the axons of ganglion cells | 22 | |
| 7631125812 | Blind spot | -where optic nerve leaves the eye -no rods or cones, why we cant see at this point -contains gang. cells | 23 | |
| 7631142636 | 3 color theory | Thomas Young -3 types of cones: red, blue & green (primary colors of light) -the combo of cones and the rate they fire determines what color we see -differ shades of colors depend on intensity of light | 24 | |
| 7631150583 | Opponent Process Theory | Edwald Hering -4 primary colors: red, green, blue, yellow -colors arranged in pairs (red -> green, blue -> yellow) -creates afterimage effect -processes beyond cones (bipolar or gang. cells to LGN of thalamus) | 25 | |
| 7631163376 | Sound Waves | Wavelengths (vibrations) interpreted by the brain as a frequency or pitch | 26 | |
| 7631174690 | Pitch | high, med, low sound frequency and vibes -low pitch: frequencies further apart -high pitch: frequencies closer together | 27 | |
| 7631178404 | Amplitude | volume (soft or loud) | 28 | |
| 7631179670 | Timbre | richness of tone or sound (limited in range of frequencies) | 29 | |
| 7631192255 | The Outer Ear | -has the pinna, auditory canal, and eardrum | 30 | |
| 7631200556 | Pinna | visible external part of ear -funnels sound waves from outside into ear -entrance to auditory canal | 31 | |
| 7631204387 | Auditory/Ear Canal | short tunnel that connects to eardrum | 32 | |
| 7631206763 | Eardrum | vibrates in response to sound | 33 | |
| 7631209034 | The Middle Ear | 3 tiny bones: 1. Hammer 2. Anvil 3. Stirrup -vibes of bones amplify vibrations from eardrum -allows easier processing of sound neurally | 34 | |
| 7631218056 | Stirrup | causes membrane of inner ear to vibe | 35 | |
| 7631218871 | The Inner Ear | aka. Oval Window 1. Cochlea 2. Basilar Membrane 3. Organ of Corti -where vibes set off chain reaction within inner ear | 36 | |
| 7631223197 | Cochlea (coachella) | when oval vibes, it causes cochlea fluid to vibe | 37 | |
| 7631229652 | Basilar Membrane | fluid surrounding membrane running through cochlea | 38 | |
| 7631232166 | Organ of Corti | contains hair cells for sense of hearing | 39 | |
| 7631234340 | Hair Cells | sends auditory info through the auditory nerve then neurally to brain | 40 | |
| 7631240881 | Auditory Nerve | contains axons of all receptor neurons | 41 | |
| 7631244662 | CHI | Conductive Hearing Loss -damage to eardrum or to bones of middle ear | 42 | |
| 7631257733 | NHI | Nerve Hearing Impairment -permanent hearing loss due to: -loss of hair cells in cochlea (inner ear auditory pathways) -exposure to loud noises (jamming too hard) | 43 | |
| 7631269024 | Taste Buds | Gustation -receptor cell responsible for taste -line walls of papillae | 44 | |
| 7631275034 | Papillae | bumps on tongue | 45 | |
| 7631278888 | 5 Basic Tastes | 1. Sweet 2. Sour 3. Salty 4. Bitter 5. Unami - savory -collaborate with smell, texture and temp. of food | 46 | |
| 7631287775 | Taste Process | molecules dissolve into saliva -> molecules fit receptors -> signal fired in brain -> interprets taste | 47 | |
| 7631291073 | Olfaction (Olfactory Sense) | ability to smell odors -outer part of nose | 48 | |
| 7631293108 | Olfactory Receptor Cells | turns odors into neural messages -little hairs or cilia -stimulated by molecules of substance in air -sniffing moves molecules into nasal cavities | 49 | |
| 7631296826 | Olfactory Bulbs | takes stimulus to brain, passes thalamus -sinus cavity on each side of brain | 50 | |
| 7631299796 | Smell Process | Olfactory receptors send neural signals to bulbs -> primary olfactory cortex -> orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala | 51 | |
| 7631304512 | 3 Somesthetic Systems | 1. Skin Sense 2. Kinesthetic 3. Vestibular | 52 | |
| 7631305592 | Skin Sense | touch, pressure, temp & pain | 53 | |
| 7631306411 | Kinesthetic Sense | location of body parts -processed by joints, muscles and tendons Ex: dancing, running, walking | 54 | |
| 7631310724 | Vestibular Sense | body position -keeping balance | 55 | |
| 7631317649 | Color Blind | defective cones in retina | 56 | |
| 7631321984 | Light Travel Process | 1. Rods & Cones 2. Bipolar Cells 3. Gang. Cells | 57 | |
| 7631323712 | Olfactory Fatigue | smelling the same smell over a long period of time, the odor starts to fade | 58 | |
| 7631332054 | Cochlear Implant | microphone replaces outer & middle ear -sends signals from implant to cochlea then into electrical signals | 59 | |
| 7631339197 | Bottom Up Processing | taking sensory info & assembling & associating it Ex: starting of a puzzle, more puzzles reveal picture | 60 | |
| 7631348815 | Top Down Processing | using models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory info Ex: already knowing how to solve a puzzle | 61 | |
| 7631351194 | Perceptual Illusions | incorrectly perceiving reality b/c of our senses | 62 | |
| 7631353422 | Perceptual Set | past experiences/expectations influence our perception of concepts | 63 | |
| 7631354710 | Mueller Lyer Illusion | 2 lines of the same length appear to be differ lengths |  | 64 |
| 7631357558 | Ponzo Illusion | minds tendency to judge an objects size according to background -perception of depth |  | 65 |
| 7631361029 | Parapsychology | telekenesis, calirvoyance | 66 | |
| 7631363563 | Perception | brain takes all sensations a person experiences, allows them to interpret Ex: a cloud might look like a cauliflower, but to another individual it may look like a cow | 67 | |
| 7631368228 | Size Constancy | interpret an object as being the same size | 68 | |
| 7631369132 | Shape Constancy | perception of shapes | 69 | |
| 7631369956 | Brightness Constancy | brightness of object | 70 | |
| 7631371877 | Figure Ground | perceive objects or figures as existing on a background -illusions | 71 | |
| 7631372833 | Reversible figures | figure and background seems to switch back and forth | 72 | |
| 7631374281 | Proximity | perceive close objects | 73 | |
| 7631374873 | Similarity | things that look similar | 74 | |
| 7631375340 | Closure | mind completes figures that are incomplete |  | 75 |
| 7631376090 | Continuity | continuous pattern | 76 | |
| 7631377794 | Contiguity | perceive 2 things that happen close together in time as being related | 77 | |
| 7631383612 | Depth Perception | allows us to see 3D -how far/close objects are | 78 | |
| 7631384338 | The Visual Cliff | created by Elanor Gibson & Michael Walk -Can infants perceive the world in 3D for their age? -built table w/ drop off side and regular side, with same patter cloth -babies were scared to go on drop off side | 79 | |
| 7631389155 | Monocular Cues | perceive depth with one eye | 80 | |
| 7631389500 | Binocular Cues | perceive depth with both eyes to see entire area -rotation of our eyes to focus on single object -object close = convergence increases (eyes cross) | 81 | |
| 7631395561 | Accomodation | muscular cue -lens changes shape/thickness, in response to near/far objects -cue for distance | 82 |