unit 14 AP Psych Flashcards

6110574274	social psychology	the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another	0
6110575230	attribution theory	the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition	1
6110576023	dispositional attribution	personality; judging one's actions based on perceived personality	2
6110578704	situational attribution	reaction to an event; judging one's actions based on perception of the effects of a situation	3
6110585772	attitude	feelings that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.	4
6110586352	fundamental attribution error	The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition	5
6110590324	actor observer bias	actor = blame on the situation observer = blame on the disposition	6
6110591018	self-serving bias	beneficial to only ourselves and our own purposes	7
6110673160	central route persuasion	attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts	8
6110673851	peripheral route persuasion	attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness	9
6110674362	foot-in-the-door phenomenon	the tendency for people	10
6110672466	role	a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave	11
6110695648	Zimbardo	Stanford Prison Experiment/Lucifer Effect - Role Playing: People take on the role of what they feel are proper for the situation	12
6110696244	cognitive dissonance	A state of tension produced when an individual experiences conflict between attitudes and behavior.	13
6110697066	cognitive dissonance theory	the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent	14
6110701989	festinger	Cognitive dissonance (mental stress or discomfort experienced by an individual who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time, or is confronted by new information that conflicts with existing beliefs, ideas, or values)	15
6110702798	Abu Ghraib prison situation	a toxic situation can make even good apples go bad	16
6110702799	chameleon effect	Unconsciously mimicking others' expressions, postures, and voice tones helps us feel what they are feeling.	17
6110703909	mood linkage	sharing up and down moods	18
6110705369	conformity	Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.	19
6110759033	Asch	Conformity experimements;	20
6110760067	conditions that strengthen conformity	1. 3 or more in a group 2. group is unanumous 3. one admires	21
6110779583	normative social influence	influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval	22
6110800949	informative social influence	influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality	23
6110856270	obediance	compliance that occurs when people follor direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority position	24
6110912262	Miligram (NEED TO FIX)	obediance	25
6110912263	social facilitation	Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others	26
6110913074	social loafing	The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.	27
6110942724	deindividualization	the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity	28
6110942735	group polarization	The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.	29
6110943619	group think	The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives	30
6110943620	culture	Behaviors and belief systems that members of a long-standing social group share and pass along to successive generations.	31
6110946662	preservation of innovation	our species' survival and reproduction by enabling social and economic systems that give us an edge	32
6110948386	division of labor	a product results from the coordination and commitment of a team	33
6110948387	norms	Principles of right action, binding upon the members of a group and serving to guide, control, or regulate proper and acceptable behavior.	34
6110949385	personal space	the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies	35
6110950459	social control	a group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms Attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior	36
6110951629	personal control	the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless	37
6110957664	minority influence	the case where a minority of group members influences the behavior or beliefs of the majority the power of one or two individuals to sway majorities	38
6110957665	prejudice	A rigid attitude that is based on group membership and predisposes an individual to feel, think or act in a negative way toward another person or group.	39
6110961215	stereotype	A generalized belief about a group of people	40
6110961216	discriminate	unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members	41
6110965286	5 factors of automatic prejudice	1. implicit racial associations. 2. unconscious patronization. 3. race influenced perceptions. 4. seeing black. 5. reflexive bodily responses	42
6110966917	blame the victim dynamic	the tendency to blame an innocent victim of the misfortune for having somehow caused the problem or for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent it	43
6110968542	social identity	the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships	44
6110968543	ingroup	"Us" - people with whom one shares a common identity	45
6110969390	outgroup	"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup	46
6110969391	ingroup bias	the tendency to favor our own group	47
6110977439	scapegoat theory	the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame	48
6110982257	outgroup homogeneity	we recognize how greatly we differ from other individuals in our groups	49
6110983123	other-race effect	the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than face of other races	50
6110984828	just-world phenomenon	the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get	51
6111077628	hindsight bias	the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it	52
6111077629	aggression	any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy	53
6111079805	genetic influences of aggression	increased risk based on relatedness	54
6111080927	neural influences on aggression	amygdala (processes aggression/fear), hypothalamus (responsible for hormone production), frontal lobe (involved in speaking, muscle movements, & making judgments/plans)	55
6111097782	biochemical influences of aggression	Hormones and other substances (alcohol, drugs, etc.) in the blood stimulate the neural systems that control aggression. Research has shown that although humans are less sensitive than animals to hormonal changes, violent criminals tend to be young, muscular males with lower-than-average intelligence scores, higher-than-average testosterone levels, and low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin (Dabbs & others, 2001a; Pendick, 1994). High testosterone correlates with irritability and heightens dominance and aggressiveness (Dabbs & others, 2001b; Harris, 1999). Alcohol use has also shown to increase aggressive responses (Bushman, 1993).	56
6111099810	frustration-aggression principle	the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression	57
6111102566	social and cultural influences of aggression	aggression may be a natural response to aversive events, but learning can alter natural reactions	58
6111104320	aggression replacement program	Teaching communication skills, training them to control anger, encouraging moral reasoning works to reduce aggression by training individuals in social competence, moral reasoning, and aggression control.	59
6111107391	observing models of aggression	People can also learn aggression by observing models who act aggressively	60
6111107392	social scripts	mental tapes for how to act, provided by ones culture	61
6111108772	video games and violence	expressing anger breeds more anger, and practicing violence breeds more violence	62
6111110186	catharsis hypothesis	idea that we feel better if we "blow off steam"	63
6111142556	proximity	Closeness	64
6111145757	mere exposure effect	the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them	65
6111170744	physical attraction	attraction to someone's physical appearance The number one thing that happens in a relationship, the initial attraction	66
6111156848	similarity and attraction	the more things two people have in common, the more likely they are to have a longer relationship The more people are alike, the more the attraction is likely to endure. Similarity breeds content.	67
6111174568	reward theory of attraction	the theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events	68
6111171681	passionate love	an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship	69
6111173863	companionate love	the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined	70
6111171682	equity	A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.	71
6111186063	self disclosure	revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others	72
6111186064	Altruism	Unselfish regard for the welfare of others	73
6111187322	darley and latane	proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility	74
6111188966	diffusion of responsibility	reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect	75
6111191165	bystander effect	The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.	76
6111191166	social exchange theory	the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs	77
6111195332	reciprocity norm	an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them	78
6111198267	social-responsibility norm	an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them	79
6111201990	conflict	A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.	80
6111201991	social traps	a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior	81
6111204002	mirror image perception	mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive	82
6111204938	self-fulfilling prophecies	a belief that leads to its own fulfillment	83
6111207901	superordinate goals	shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation	84
6111207902	GRIT	Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions	85
6111208860	Door-in-face	a strategy in which someone makes a large, unreasonable request with the expectation that a person will refuse but will be more likely to respond favorably to a smaller request later	86
6111208861	ethnocentrism	Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.	87
6111264947	contact theory	contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity, but only if the groups are made to work toward a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all (superordinate goal)	88
6111266525	instrumental aggression	aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain	89
6111266526	hostile aggression	aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury	90
6111271469	relational aggression	form of indirect aggression prevalent in girls, involving spreading rumors, gossiping, and using nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation a hostile or destructive act designed to cause harm to a person's relationships	91
6111273778	pluralistic ignorance	error of assuming that everyone in a group perceives things as we do	92
6111273779	hawthorn effect	when people know that they are being observed, they change their behavior to what they think the observer expects or to make themselves look good	93
6111275072	social impairment	negative influence of others on performance	94