AP Government Chapter 3 Flashcards

4943119327	Necessary and Proper Clause	Section of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it by the Constitution	0
4943119328	Nullification	The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution	1
4943119329	Dual federalism	Doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs and the two spheres should be kept separate.	2
4943119330	Unitary System	sovereignty is wholly in the hands of the national government	3
4943119331	Sovereignty	supreme or ultimate political authority.	4
4943119332	Confederation	States are sovereign and the national government is allowed to do only that which the states permit	5
4943119333	McCulloch v Maryland	The Constitution's "necessary and proper" clause permits Congress to take actions (in this case to create a national bank) when it is essential to a power that Congress has (in this case, managing the currency)	6
4943119334	Gibbons v Ogden	The Constitution's commerce clause gives the national government exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce	7
4943119335	United States v Lopez	The national government's power under the commerce clause does not permit it to regulate matters not directly related to interstate commerce (in this case, banning firearms in a school zone)	8
4943119336	Initiative	Process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot	9
4943119337	Referendum	Procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature	10
4943119338	Recall	Procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office	11
4943119339	Grants-in-aid	Money given by the national government to the states	12
4943119340	Categorical grants	Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport	13
4943119341	Block grants	Federal grants for general purposes and with few restrictions	14
4943119342	Conditions of aid	Terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds	15
4943119343	Mandates	Terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants	16
4943119344	Waiver	a decision by an administrative agency granting some other part permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it.	17