AP Biology- Biochemistry Flashcards

5265491138	ionic bond	bond resulting from a transfer of electrons	0
5265491139	covalent bond	bond resulting from the sharing of electrons	1
5265491140	nonpolar	electrons shared equally	2
5265491141	polar	electrons shared unequally	3
5265491142	buffer	substance that resists changes in pH	4
5265491147	monosaccharide	C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose	5
5265491148	disaccharide	two monosaccharides joined together; C12H22O1; maltose, lactose, and sucrose	6
5265491149	dehydration synthesis	condensation; joining compounds together with water released	7
5265491150	hydrolysis	breakdown of a compound by adding water	8
5265491151	polysaccharide	polymers of carbohydrates	9
5265491152	cellulose	structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls	10
5265491153	starch	storage polysaccharide found in plants	11
5265491154	glycerol	alcohol portion of a lipid	12
5265491155	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids	13
5265491156	saturated fat	fat without double bonds	14
5265491157	unsaturated fat	fat with double bonds	15
5265491158	steroid	lipid with a four fused ring structure; cholesterol and testosterone	16
5265491159	peptide bond	bond creating amino acid chains or polymers	17
5265491160	primary structure	linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds	18
5265491161	secondary structure	protein formed with hydrogen bonds	19
5265491162	tertiary structure	3D conformation formed; determines specificity	20
5265491163	quaternary structure	protein with more than one polypeptide chain	21
5265491164	alpha helix	secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)	22
5265491165	beta pleated sheet	secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk	23
5265491166	functional group	components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions	24
5265491167	cohesion	capacity to resist tension to rupture	25
5265491169	chemical equilibrium	when the reaction rate is about the same in either direction	26
5265491170	polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together	27
5265491171	monomer	building block for polymers; only made by producers	28
5265491172	adhesion	attraction between different kinds of molecules	29
5265491173	surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	30
5265491175	evaporative cooling / heat of vaporization	property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules	31
5265491177	hydrophobic interaction	tertiary structure; weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water change to exclude the water	32
5265491178	hydrocarbon	organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon	33
5265491179	macromolecule	giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules	34
5265491181	nucleotide	building block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group	35
5265491184	hydroxyl	hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar	36
5265491185	carbonyl	carbon double bonded to oxygen; ketones and aldehydes	37
5265491186	carboxyl	oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group	38
5265491187	amine	nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton	39
5265491188	sulfhydryl	sulfur bonded to hydrogen in roughly the shape of a hydroxyl; cysteine	40
5265491189	phosphate	phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid	41
5265491190	methyl	carbon bonded to three hydrogens; arrangement determines function of male and female sex hormones	42
5265519278	universal solvent	a property of water; most solutes dissolve in water	43
5265535055	water as a solid	less dense; molecules spread out and become equally spaced; allows life to exist in lakes and ponds during winter months	44
5265549133	Stanley Miller	Recreated the conditions of primitive earth and was able to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules	45
5265567451	phospholipid	a lipid molecule that consists of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail; makes up the cell membrane of a cells	46
5265582961	amino acids	monomer that makes up proteins (polypeptides)	47
5265592207	catalyst	molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction	48
5265606801	enzyme	is a protein molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions; used in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis	49
5265618487	denature	the shape of an enzyme is altered due to extreme temperature or a change in the pH; changing the shape make the enzyme less effective	50
5265638410	substrate	the molecule that an enzyme acts on; smaller than the enzyme; is either hydrolyzed or used to synthesize a larger molecule	51
5265653520	active site	the area on the enzyme where the substrate will come in contact with it; shape specific	52
5265671317	What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?	As the optimum temperature is reached, the enzyme activity increases and peaks; activity will decrease if the temperature continues to rise	53
5265686483	What is the effect of a changing pH on enzyme activity?	Enzymes work best at their optimum pH; this optimum pH will vary in different locations of the body (stomach optimum pH is 2; the small intestine is pH 8)	54
5265708076	What is the effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme activity?	If the enzyme concentration increases, the rate of reaction will increase.	55
5265725111	What is the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity?	As the substrate concentration increases, the enzyme activity will increase but then level off.	56
5265737659	catalase	an enzyme found in living cells; used to break down hydrogen peroxide	57