AP World: Chapter 19 Flashcards

9617530749	Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile	monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the kingdom of Spain; initiated exploration of the New World.	0
9617530750	Hispaniola	first island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; first settled by Columbus on his second voyage.	1
9617530751	encomienda	grant of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies.	2
9617530752	encomendero	the holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay tribute or provide labor; responsible for their integration into the church.	3
9617530753	Bartolomé de las Casas	Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of Native American population, opposed forced labor, and advocated Indian rights.	4
9617530754	Hernán Cortés	led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec empire and established Spanish colonial rule.	5
9617530755	Moctezuma II	last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés's conquest.	6
9617530756	Mexico City	capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Tenochtitlan.	7
9617530757	New Spain	Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system.	8
9617530758	Francisco Vácquez de Coronado	led Spanish expedition into the southwestern United States in search of gold.	9
9617530759	Pedro de Valdivia	Spanish conqueror of Araucanian Indians of Chile; established city of Santiago in 1541.	10
9617530760	mita	forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects.	11
9617530761	Potosí	largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia.	12
9617530762	Huancavelica	greatest mercury deposit in South America; used in American silver production.	13
9617530763	haciendas	rural agricultural and herding estates; produced goods for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy.	14
9617530764	consulado	merchant guild of Seville with a virtual monopoly over goods shipped to Spanish America; handled much of the silver shipped in return.	15
9617530765	galleons	large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system used for transportation of bullion.	16
9617530766	Treaty of Tordesillas	concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; in the New World, Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain.	17
9617530767	letrados	university-trained lawyers from Spain; basic personnel of the Spanish colonial bureaucratic system.	18
9617530768	Recopilación	body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish New World possessions; bases of law in the Indies.	19
9617530769	Council of the Indies	Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies.	20
9617530770	viceroyalties	major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one based in Lima, the other in Mexico City.	21
9617530771	viceroys	senior government officials in Spanish America; ruled as direct representatives of the king over the principal administrative units or viceroyalties.	22
9617530772	audiencia	royal courts of appeals established in Spanish New World colonies; staffed by professional magistrates who made and applied laws.	23
9617530773	Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz	17th-century author, poet, and musician of New Spain; gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters.	24
9617530774	Pedro Alvares Cabral	Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; landed in Brazil in 1500.	25
9617530775	captaincies	areas along the Brazilian coast granted to Portuguese nobles for colonial development.	26
9617530776	Paulistas	backwoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century.	27
9617530777	Minas Gerais	Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed.	28
9617530778	Rio de Janeiro	Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital in 1763.	29
9617530779	sociedad de castas	Spanish American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed races in the middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom.	30
9617530780	peninsulares	Spanish-born residents of the New World.	31
9617530781	Creoles	people of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares.	32
9617530782	amigos del país	clubs and associations dedicated to reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvement rather than political reform.	33
9617530783	War of the Spanish Succession	(1702-1713); wide-ranging war fought between European nations; resulted in the installation of Philip of Anjou as king of Spain.	34
9617530784	Charles III	Spanish monarch (1759-1788); instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire.	35
9617530785	José de Galvez	Spanish Minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from the upper colonial bureaucracy; created intendants for local government.	36
9617530786	Marquis of Pombal	Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy.	37
9617530787	Comunero Revolt	a popular revolt against Spanish rule in New Granada in 1781; suppressed as a result of government concessions and divisions among rebels.	38
9617530788	Tupac Amaru II	Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution.	39