AP Psychology Unit 3 Flashcards

7791519939	Soma	Cell body of neuron, contains nucleus	0
7791521151	Axon	Conducting wire of neuron, Na-K pumps Coated by myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier	1
7791539804	Dendrites	Receives signals from neighboring neurons Branch-like structure from soma	2
7791543401	Receptor sites	Special places on dendrites where neurotransmitters attach	3
7791551485	Myelin sheath	Fatty layer that coats axon Insulation for electrical signals	4
7826852773	Axon terminal	End of neuron/axon Electric signal is converted into chemical signals	5
7826883885	Nodes of Ranvier	Spaces between the myelin sheath	6
7826902417	Synapse	The space between the ending of an axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another	7
7826928162	Positive vs. Negative ions	Sodium (Na) vs Potassium (K) Both are positive ions, but the inside of the neuron is very negative, so bringing in Na makes it positive	8
7827164962	Sodium	The "Positive ion" Rushes into neuron to cause electric signal	9
7827193405	Potassium	The "Negative ion" Rushes out of neuron to cause electric signal	10
7827201798	All or nothing principle	A neuron fires at the same strength every time If threshold met, neuron fires If threshold not me, nothing	11
7827208555	Absolute threshold	the smallest amount of energy required by an external stimulus to be detected	12
7827235562	Resting potential	More negative ions inside than outside neuron Neuron NOT transmitting information Neuron is polarized	13
7827247331	Action potential	Electric impulse travels down the axon Fires when threshold met More positive ions inside than outside neuron Neuron depolarizes	14
7827259373	Depolarization	sodium gates open and let sodium into the axon, causing the axon to be more positive that the outside	15
7827267422	Repolarization	potassium gates open and positive ions flow out of the axon, causing the inside of the axon to be more negative than the outside	16
7827271366	Refractory period	Period after action potential when action potential cannot occur Neuron trying to reach resting potential	17
7827282627	Reuptake	After neurotransmitters reach receptors on synapse, they return to the axon terminal through the reuptake valve	18
7827297723	Neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons. they bind to receptor sites on receiving neurons	19
7827302737	Electrical vs. chemical signals	Inside neuron - electrical In between neurons - chemical	20
7827311933	Afferent (receptor/sensory) neurons	Take sensory information to the brain	21
7827318212	Efferent (effector/motor) neurons	Take neuronal information from brain to muscles	22
7827320805	Interneurons	Connect efferent and afferent neurons	23
7827331725	Reflex	An automatic response to sensory stimulus	24
7827334488	Central nervous system	composed of the brain and spinal cord	25
7827342088	Peripheral nervous system	The sensory and motor neurons that connect to the rest of the body	26
7827352628	Somatic nervous system	Peripheral Controls voluntary control of skeletal muscles	27
7827361234	Autonomic nervous system	Peripheral Controls unconscious behaviors (heartbeat)	28
7827370445	Sympathetic nervous system	Peripheral, autonomic "Flight or fight" response increases heart rate, pupils dilate, digestion stops	29
7827385175	Parasympathetic nervous system	Peripheral, autonomic "rest and digest" Heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion occurs	30
7827407450	Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI)	Most detailed picture of the brain structures	31
7827411743	Functional Magnetic Resonance Image (FMRI)	Most detailed picture of the brain structures and metabolic processes	32
7827414881	Electroencephalography (EEG)	Detects bursts of neural activity used for seizures, fainting, and sleep	33
7827435063	Computed axial tomography (CAT scan)	Gives basic picture of brain	34
7827443029	Position emission tomography (PET scan)	Uses glucose dye to detect brain functioning	35
7827456531	Acetylcholine (ACh)	Activating muscles, autonomic, short term memory Shortage: Alzheimer's disease	36
7827466785	Dopamine	Engaged somatic nervous system Shortage: Parkinson's disease Excessive: Schizophrenia	37
7827485575	Norepinephrine	Mood	38
7827495163	Serotonin	Mood	39
7827488120	Epinephrine	Adeline, flight or fight	40
7827504464	GABA	Inhibitory neurotransmitter, calms neural activity	41
7827518050	Endorphins	natural neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure	42
7827533318	Frontal Lobe	Somatic movement, speech, reason, judgement Prefrontal cortex & Motor cortex	43
7827549103	Pariental Lobe	Sensation, spacial intelligence Sensory cortex	44
7827556408	Temporal Lobe	Processing auditory stimuli and home of language center Auditory cortex	45
7827564452	Occipital Lobe	Processing of visual stimuli Visual cortex	46
7827571406	Brain stem	Connects to the spine Medulla Pons Cerebellum Reticular formation Thalamus	47
7827579488	Motor cortex	An area at the rear of the frontal lobe that controls voluntary movements	48
7827579489	Sensory cortex	Area at the front of the parietal lobe that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.	49
7833299599	Auditory cortex	The cortex of the brain in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information	50
7833299600	Visual cortex	the cortex of the brain in the occipital lobe where visual information goes	51
7833310747	Prefrontal cortex	Part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language	52
7833317189	Medulla	Autonomic nervous system	53
7833325050	Pons	Levels of consciousness	54
7833327313	Cerebellum	Voluntary movement and balance	55
7833331141	Reticular formation	Arousal (respond to environment) Broken = Comatose	56
7833337694	Thalamus	Processes all sensory information into brain except smell	57
7833349437	Limbic system	Survival Memory storage and assessment Thalamus Hypothalamus Amygdala Hippocampus Neurotransmitter	58
7833374750	Hypothalamus	Regulates hunger, thirst, body temperature, and pituitary gland	59
7833384185	Ventromedial hypothalamus	Feeling full	60
7833385581	Lateral hypothalamus	Feeling hungry	61
7833389427	Amygdala	Basic emotional response origin of "flight or fight"	62
7833408240	Hippocampus	Connecting new information for memory storage and retrieval	63
7833459322	Language centers	Broca's area, Wernicke's area, Angular gyrus	64
7833461112	Broca's area	Creation of auditable speech from conscious thought	65
7833464543	Wernicke's area	Responsible for turning auditory stimuli into discernible language	66
7833471946	Angular gyrus	Responsible for turning visual stimuli into discernible language	67
7833476425	Aphasia	Loss of linguistic ability	68
7833480827	Broca's/Expressive aphasia	Cannot speak complete sentences	69
7833483825	Wernicke's/receptive aphasia	Cannot understand speech	70
7900506851	Chromosome	Strands of DNA within a cell	71
7900509012	DNA	Carries genetic information	72
7900513637	Diathesis	Genetic predisposition passed down to the child	73
7900519879	Teratogen	Environmental stimuli or condition that could affect the normal growth of the child	74
7900528468	Phenotype	Physical trait that is displayed	75
7900530460	Genotype	Two alleles for a trait	76
7900534161	Kerotyping	A test to identify and evaluate the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells	77
7900539840	Heritability	The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. the heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied	78
7900544646	Temperament	A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity	79
7900556088	Phenylketonuria (PKU)	Body cannot break down amino acids	80
7900567661	Down Syndrome	21 Trisomy Physical and mental abnormalities	81
7900585104	Turner's Syndrome	Only 1 X on 23rd pair Physical and mental abnormalities Infertile	82
7900592943	Klinefelter's Syndrome	XXY Androgynous with some mental abnormalities	83
7900623837	Homosexuality	Someone who is attracted to someone of the same gender There are various theories of whether it is is genetic, environmental, or physical abnormalities cause this or it is simply natural	84
7900670237	Monozygotic twins	Identical twins	85
7900673323	Dizygotic twins	Fraternal twins	86
7900675677	Minnesota twin study	Longitudinal study Claimed that monozygotic twins are more similar than dizygotic = nature > nurture	87
7900686381	Gender role	One's sense of what it means to be a male/female	88
7900687975	Gender identity	One's sense of being a male or female	89
7900694732	Gender typing	The process by which a child becomes aware of their gender and thus behaves accordingly by adopting values and attributes of members of the sex that they identify as their own.	90
7900699909	Social learning explanation	People act based on observation and imitation	91
7900711089	Gender-Schema theory	The theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly	92