Wilkins AP Bio Evolution Flashcards

8374964017	homologous structures	structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry	0
8374964018	vestigial structures	remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors	1
8374964019	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	2
8374964020	Hardy-Weinberg	the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work	3
8374964021	gene pool	the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population	4
8374964022	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	5
8374964023	natural selection	a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	6
8374964024	genetic drift	changes in the gene pool due to random events	7
8374964025	founder effect	when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	8
8374964026	bottleneck effect	when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether	9
8374964027	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	10
8374964028	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other	11
8374964029	disruptive selection	when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes	12
8374964030	stabilizing selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants	13
8374964031	sexual selection	a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	14
8374964034	heterozygote advantage	when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous	15
8374964036	speciation	the process by which one species splits into two or more species	16
8374964037	microevolution	changes over time in allele frequencies in a population	17
8374964038	macroevolution	the broad pattern of evolution over long time spans	18
8374964039	species	a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups	19
8374964040	reproductive isolation	the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring	20
8374964041	hybrids	offspring that result from interspecific mating	21
8374964042	prezygotic barriers	impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)	22
8374964043	post zygotic barriers	prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown	23
8374964044	allopatric speciation	gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations	24
8374964045	sympatric speciation	speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)	25
8374964049	punctuated equilibrium	the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change	26
8374964052	endosymbiosis	mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells	27
8374964053	adaptive radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities	28
8374964055	phylogeny	the evolutionary history of a species or group of species	29
8374964057	phylogenetic tree	evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram	30
8374964058	analogy	similarity due to convergent evolution	31
8374964059	homology	similarity due to shared ancestry	32
8374964060	clade	a group of species which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants	33
8374964065	Darwin's Theory (five parts)	1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)	34
8374964069	abiotic synthesis	formation of organic molecules from inorganic material	35
8374964074	extinction	total disappearance of all members of a species	36
8374964075	mass extinction	total disappearance of a large number a species within a few million years	37
8374964077	fitness	the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment	38
8374964081	biological species concept	species are identified as separate because of reproductive isolation.	39
8374964084	fossil	remains and traces of evidence of past life	40
8374964086	index fossils	fossils used to identify deposits made at apparently the same time in different parts of the world, used for relative dating	41
8374964087	absolute dating	relies on radiometric dating to assign an age to a fossil	42