AP Biology Biochemistry Flashcards

7495837483	carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids	Name the four major classes of large molecules in living things	0
7495837484	lipids	What is the one class of large molecules that does not include macromolecules?	1
7495837485	macromolecule	giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction	2
7495837486	polymer	a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds	3
7495837487	monomer	the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer	4
7495837488	dehydration synthesis	the process in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule	5
7495837489	hydrolysis	the process in which a water molecules added to a polymer in order to break down bonds between two molecules	6
7495837490	hydro	root word meaning water	7
7495837491	lysis	root word meaning to break	8
7495837492	monomer	Is glucose a monomer or a polymer?	9
7495837493	water	To summarize, when two monomers are joined, a molecule of _____ is always removed	10
7495837494	monosaccharides	The monomer of carbohydrates	11
7495837495	sugars starches	Carbohydrates include _______ and _________	12
7495837496	C6H12O6	Give the formula for glucose	13
7495837497	carbonyl, hydroxyl	All sugars have the same two functional groups, name them	14
7495837498	disaccharide	A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.	15
7495837499	glycosidic linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	16
7495837500	aldehyde sugar	Carbohydrate: carbonyl group located at the end of skeleton	17
7495837501	ketone sugar	Carbohydrate: carbonyl group located within the skeleton	18
7495837502	isomers	Compounds with the same formula but different structures.	19
7495837503	glucose	What is this?	20
7495837504	maltose	malt sugar	21
7495837505	glucose + glucose	What two monomers make up maltose?	22
7495837506	sucrose	table sugar	23
7495837507	glucose + fructose	What two monomers make up sucrose?	24
7495837508	lactose	milk sugar	25
7495837509	glucose + galactose	What two monomers make up lactose?	26
7495837510	-ose	Root word meaning "full of"	27
7495837511	Carbon-1 of glucose has bonded with Carbon-4 of glucose	What does 1-4 glycosidic linkage mean in terms of carbon numbering?	28
7495837512	starch, glycogen	Give two types of polysaccharides used in energy storage	29
7495837513	cellulose, chitin	Give two types of polysaccharides used as structural	30
7495837514	energy storage, structural	Name the two types of polysaccharides	31
7495837515	enzymes that are able to digest starch by hydrolyzing alpha linkages are unable to hydrolyze the beta linkages of cellulose because of the distinctly different shapes	Why can you not digest cellulose?	32
7495837516	cows, termites, fungi	Give three organisms that can digest cellulose	33
7495837517	starch	Has 1-4 Beta glucose linkages	34
7495837518	glycogen	is a storage polysaccharide produced by vertebrates that is stored in your liver	35
7495837519	chitin	structural polysaccharide that gives many bugs their exoskeleton	36
7495837520	cellulose	structural polysaccharide that comprises plant cell walls	37
7495837521	fats, waxes, oils, phospholipids, steroids	What are the five categories of lipids?	38
7495837522	no true polymers, mix poorly with water, consist mostly of hydrocarbon regions	What three characteristics do all lipids share in common?	39
7495837523	ester linkage	the bond between a fatty acid and a glycerol that forms a lipid	40
7495837524	three fatty acids, one glycerol molecule	A fat is composed of _____ and _______	41
7495837525	unsaturated fat	type of fat that contains a double bonded carbon that causes a bend in structure, commonly found in plants, liquid at room temperature	42
7495837526	saturated fat	type of fat that consists of all single bonded carbons and lots of hydrogens, solid at room temperature, commonly found in animal fats	43
7495837527	butter, lard	Give two examples of saturated fats	44
7495837528	olive oil, canola oil	Give two examples of unsaturated fats	45
7495837529	the molecules can't pack close together to solidify due to double bond bend	Why are many unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?	46
7495837530	trans fat	An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds.	47
7495837531	hydrogenated oil	hydrogen is added to vegetable oils to change the oil from liquid to solid.	48
7495837532	long term energy storage, insulation, padding, absorb vitamins	List four important functions of fats	49
7495837533	hydrophilic, hydrophobic	Phospholipids has ______ heads, and ________ tails	50
7495837534	Hydrocarbons	What are the "tails" of phospholipids made up of which make them hydrophobic?	51
7495837535	cholesterol	What is this?	52
7495837536	cholesterol, vertebrate sex hormones	Give two examples of a steroid	53
7495837537	amphipathic	a molecule that has hydrophobic regions and hydrophilic regions	54
7495837538	enzymatic	Type of protein: accelerates chemical reactions	55
7495837539	digestive enzymes	Give an example of an enzymatic protein	56
7495837540	defensive	Type of protein: protects against disease	57
7495837541	antibodies	Give an example of a defensive protein	58
7495837542	storage	Type of protein: stores amino acids	59
7495837543	casein	Give an example of a storage protein	60
7495837544	transport	Type of protein: transports substances	61
7495837545	hemoglobin	Give an example of transport protein	62
7495837546	hormonal	Type of protein: coordinates organism activities	63
7495837547	insulin	Give an example of a hormonal protein	64
7495837548	receptor	Type of protein: response of cell to chemical stimuli	65
7495837549	nerve cell receptors	Give an example of a receptor protein	66
7495837550	contractile and motor structural	Type of protein: movement	67
7495837551	actin, myosin	Give two examples of the contractile and motor structural proteins	68
7495837552	structural	Type of protein: support	69
7495837553	keratin	Give an example of a structural protein	70
7495837554	amino acid	What is this?	71
7495837555	the side chain	What is represented by the R group in an amino acid?	72
7495837556	20	How many different types of amino acid side chains are there?	73
7495837557	hydrocarbons	Nonpolar amino acid side chains typically contain ______	74
7495837558	OH or SH groups	Polar amino acid side chains typically contain _______	75
7495837559	charged side chains	Electrically charged amino acid side chains typically contain ____________	76
7495837560	peptide bond	the covalent bond between the carbonyl group on one amino acid and the amino acid group on another, formed through dehydration reaction	77
7495837561	dipeptide bond	two amino acids put together	78
7495837562	polypeptide	the polymer of a protein	79
7495837563	amino acid	the monomer of a protein	80
7495837564	primary	Level of protein sequence: basic amino acid sequence, determined by DNA	81
7495837565	primary structure	Level of protein sequence:	82
7495837566	secondary	Level of protein sequence: hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents in backbone, determined by backbone	83
7495837567	helix, pleated sheet	What are the two types of secondary protein structure?	84
7495837568	secondary structure	Level of protein sequence:	85
7495837569	tertiary	Level of protein sequence: regions repel and attract each other, determined by interactions in R groups	86
7495837570	tertiary structure	Level of protein sequence:	87
7495837571	quaternary structure	Level of protein sequence:	88
7495837572	quaternary	Level of protein sequence: two or more polypeptides form into one functional macromolecule	89
7495837573	sickle-cell disease	occurs when there is a change, specifically from glutamic acid to valine acid, in the amino acid sequence in the primary structure of the protein	90
7495837574	denaturation	a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, becoming biologically inactive	91
7495837575	heat, pH, salts	Give three ways a protein may become denatured	92
7495837576	chaperonins	protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins	93
7495837577	mRna is synthesized in the nucleus, mRNA moves into cytoplasm via nuclear pore, a protein is synthesized by a ribosome by using the correct info carried on mRNA	Give the three detailed steps in which the flow of genetic information is achieved from DNA to RNA to proteins in a cell	94
7495837578	nucleic acid	any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotid chains that are vital constituents of all living cells	95
7495837579	sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group	What are the three components of a nucleic acid	96
7495837580	nucleotide	A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.	97
7495837581	5' to 3'	Always read mRNA from -- to ---, the end is always with an OH	98
7495837582	cytosine, adenine, thymine, guanine	What four nitrogenous bases are found in DNA	99
7495837583	cytosine, adenine, uracil, guanine	What four nitrogenous bases are found in RNA	100
7495837584	deoxyribose lacks one less oxygen on the second carbon	What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose	101
7495837585	double helix	The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.	102
7495837586	antiparallel	The two sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite 5'-3' directions in DNA which is why it is said to be ______________	103
7495837587	nitrogenous bases	In DNA, what molecules are said to be the "rungs" on the double helix model	104
7495837588	cytosine, adenine, uracil, guanine	What four nitrogenous bases are found in RNA	105