AP Molecular genetics review Flashcards

8634240568	substitution	small change in DNA basepair where one nucleotide is replaced with another	0
8634240570	frameshift mutation	when number of nucleotides added/lost is not multiple of 3; this alters reading frame	1
8634240571	insertion	addition of >=1 nucleotide pairs in gene	2
8634240572	deletion	loss of >=1 nucleotide pairs in gene	3
8634240573	missense mutation	altered codon codes for different amino acid (may have effect on protein fxn)	4
8634240574	nonsense mutation	changes amino acid codon into stop codon --> truncated protein that is digested by cell; lethal at embryonic stage	5
8634240575	silent mutation	altered codon codes for same amino acid; no effect on protein fxn	6
8634240589	Griffith	studied pneumococcus, carried out experiment with bacteria strains (capsules), concluded transformation	7
8634240590	transformation	change in the DNA by taking in foreign DNA from surrounding	8
8634240592	Avery (et al.)	continued Griffith's idea, purified DNA from S strain, added to R strain; tube with DNAse didn't grow cells (determined that DNA is hereditary material)	9
8634240593	Hershey and Chase	S - labelled proteins; P - labelled DNA; P in pellet, so DNA in host cell	10
8634240595	Chargaff	ratio - A = T and C = G	11
8634240597	Franklin	developed X-ray diffraction of crystalline DNA fibre	12
8634240599	Watson and Crick	inspired by proteins' alpha-helical structure; determined rules for base pairing (AT GC judging by width of purine-pyrimidine)	13
8634240600	rRNA	make up ribosomes	14
8634240601	mRNA	carries info specifying amino acid sequences from DNA to ribosomes; contains the codon	15
8634240602	tRNA	carries amino acid to make polypeptide chain;	16
8634240603	codon	mRNA nucleotide triplets that code for amino acids	17
8634240604	anticodon	complementary sequence on tRNA	18
8634240614	release factor	protein that binds to A site when stop codon is reached causing end of translation	19
8634240621	helicase	unwinds DNA and breaks hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA to separate the template DNA strands at the replication fork	20
8634240623	topoisomerase	enzyme that can break bonds in DNA and then reform the bonds further up from replication fork to prevent a know from forming	21
8634240624	primer	a short segment of RNA needed to initiate DNA replication	22
8634240625	primase	an RNA polymerase (RNAP) which synthesizes the primer by adding ribonucleotides that are complementary to the DNA template	23
8634240626	DNA polymerase	enzyme that adds DNA nucleotides to the growing strand.	24
8634240632	leading strand	synthesized continuously towards replication fork	25
8634240633	lagging strand	synthesized in short, discontinuous segments of (Okazaki fragments)	26
8634240634	Okazaki fragment	short DNA segments formed on lagging strand	27
8634240635	DNA ligase	joins broken pieces of DNA by catalyzing phosphodiester bonds	28
8634240646	spliceosome	removes introns connects exons	29