APES Chapter 4 Vocab Flashcards

5199288974	Climate	the average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period of time	0
5199294835	Weather	the short-term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area, which include temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, and wind speed	1
5199297905	Troposphere	a layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of Earth, extending up to approximately 16 km (10 miles)	2
5199303284	Stratosphere	the layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, extending roughly 16 to 50 km (10-31 miles) above the surface of Earth	3
5199309648	Albedo	the percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface	4
5263612731	Saturation point	the maximum amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature	5
5263613719	Adiabatic cooling	the cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands	6
5263616374	Adiabatic heating	the heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of Earth and decreases in volume	7
5263620064	Latent heat release	the release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water	8
5263622610	Atmospheric convection currents	global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of Earth	9
5263623644	Hadley cell	a convection current in the atmosphere that cycle between the equator and 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S	10
5263628688	Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)	the latitude that receives the most intense sunlight, which causes the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells to converge	11
5263630677	Polar cell	a convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60 degrees N and 60 degrees S and sinks at the poles, 90 degrees N and 90 degrees S	12
5263632886	Ferrel cell	a convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells	13
5263634872	Coriolis effect	the deflection of an object's path due to the rotation of Earth	14
5263636229	Rain shadow	a region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side	15
5285837162	Gyre	a large-scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere	16
5285840213	Upwelling	the upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents	17
5285843019	Thermohaline circulation	an oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water	18
5285845676	El Nino/Southern Oscillation	a reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific	19
5311049052	Terrestrial biome	a geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and distinctive plant growth forms on land	20
5311052761	Aquatic biome	an aquatic region characterized by a particular combination of salinity, depth, and water flow	21
5311055395	Tundra	a cold and treeless biome with low-growing vegetation	22
5311057661	Permafrost	an impermeable, permanently frozen layer of soil	23
5311059948	Boreal forest	a forest biome made up primarily of coniferous evergreen trees that can tolerate cold winters and short growing seasons	24
5311064699	Temperate rainforest	a coastal biome typified by moderate temperatures and high precipitation	25
5311066700	Temperate seasonal forest	a biome with warm summers and cold winters with over 1 m (39 inches) of precipitation annually	26
5311070491	Woodland/shrubland	a biome characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters	27
5311075913	Temperate grassland/cold desert	a biome characterized by cold, harsh winters, and hot, dry summers	28
5311078449	Tropical rainforest	a warm and wet biome found between 20 degrees N and 20 degrees S of the equator, with little seasonal temperature variation and high precipitation	29
5311083706	Tropical seasonal forest/savanna	a biome marked by warm temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons	30
5311088526	Subtropical desert	a biome prevailing at approximately 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S, with hot temperatures, extremely dry conditions, and sparse vegetation	31
5363396019	Littoral zone	the shallow zone of soil and water in lakes and ponds where most algae and emergent plants grow	32
5363396857	Limnetic zone	a zone of open water in lakes and ponds	33
5363398235	Phytoplankton	floating algae	34
5363398270	Profundal zone	a region of water where sunlight does not reach, below the limnetic zone in very deep lakes	35
5363400124	Benthic zone	the muddy bottom of a lake, pond, or ocean	36
5364865474	Oligotrophic	describes a lake with a low level of productivity	37
5363400850	Mesotrophic	describes a lake with a moderate level of productivity	38
5363401780	Eutrophic	describes a lake with a high level of productivity	39
5363402623	Freshwater wetlands	An aquatic biome that is submerged or saturated by water for at least part of each year, but shallow enough to support emergent vegetation	40
5363404680	Salt marsh	a marsh containing nonwoody emergent vegetation, found along the coast in temperate climates	41
5363406465	Mangrove swamp	a swamp that occurs along tropical and subtropical coasts, and contains salt-tolerant trees with roots submerged in water	42
5363408244	Intertidal zone	the narrow band of coastline between the levels of high tide and low tide	43
5363409041	Coral reef	the most diverse marine biome on Earth, found in warm, shallow waters beyond the shoreline	44
5363410058	Coral bleaching	a phenomenon in which algae inside corals die, causing the corals to turn white	45
5363411276	Open ocean	deep ocean water, located away from the shoreline where sunlight can no longer reach the ocean bottom	46
5363412450	Photic zone	the upper layer of ocean water in the ocean that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis	47
5363413784	Aphotic zone	the deeper layer of ocean water that lacks sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis	48
5363414866	Chemosynthesis	a process used by some bacteria in the ocean to generate energy with methane and hydrogen sulfide	49