AP Psych Unit 9 Flashcards

12291925290	Develpmental Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	0
12292006410	Zygote	the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo	1
12292014659	embryo	the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month	2
12292017963	fetus	the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth	3
12292020549	teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm	4
12292030143	fetal alcohol syndrome	physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking	5
12292181982	habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	6
12292193563	Maturation	biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience	7
6545439509	Cognition	All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	8
6545442101	Schema	A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information	9
6545445215	Assimilation	Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schema	10
6545450611	Accommodation	Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information	11
6545452929	Sensorimotor Stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities	12
6545470270	Object Permanence	The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived	13
6545472223	Preoperational stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic	14
6545478093	Conservation	The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects	15
6545492904	Egocentrism	In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view	16
6545494934	Theory of mind	People's ideas about their own and others' mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict	17
6545498523	Concrete Operational stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognnitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events	18
6545505622	Formal Operational Stage	In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts	19
6545507877	Autism	A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind	20
6545522744	stranger anxiety	The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age	21
6545525004	attachment	An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation	22
6545527394	critical period	An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development	23
6545530861	imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life	24
6545532508	temperament	A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity	25
6545535121	basic trust	According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers	26
8560505477	gender	in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female	27
8560510089	aggression	physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone	28
8560516687	x-chromosom	the sex chromosome found in both men and women.	29
8560518987	y chromosome	the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.	30
8560522638	testosterone	The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it	31
8560525889	role	a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave	32
8560529945	gender role	a set of expected behaviors for males or for female	33
8560535473	gender identity	our sense of being male or female	34
8560539609	gender typing	the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role	35
8560542182	social learning theory	the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished	36
6545543412	adolescence	the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence	37
6545548089	puberty	the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing	38
6545551643	primary sex characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible {E}the first menstrual period	39
6545553991	secondary sex characteristics	nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair	40
6545561343	menarche	the first menstrual period	41
6545563845	preconventional morality	morality focuses on self-interest: They obey rules either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards	42
6545571357	conventional morality	Morality focuses on caring for others and on upholding laws and social rules, simply because they are the laws and rules	43
6545574845	postconventional morality	Actions are judged "right" because they flow from people's rights or from self-defined, basic ethical principles	44
6545637404	identity	our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.	45
6545649903	social identity	the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships	46
6545652520	intimacy	In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental tasks in late adolescence and early adulthood	47
6545655852	emerging adulthood	for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.	48
6545658280	trust vs. mistrust	If needs are dependably met, they develop a sense of basic trust	49
6545667507	autonomy vs shame and doubt	learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities	50
6545671559	integrity vs despair	Reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure	51
6545677730	identity vs. role confusion	work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are	52
6545680516	initiative vs guilt	learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent	53
6545683882	generativity vs stagnation	people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose	54
6545687015	industry vs inferiority	learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior	55
6545689701	intimacy vs isolation	struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated	56
8587725125	menopause	The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines	57
8587727172	cross-sectional study	A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.	58
8587731062	longitudinal stud	research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period	59
8587732647	crystallized intelligence	Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age	60
8587734591	fluid intelligence	Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood	61
8587737280	social clock	the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement	62
8587745353	Erik Erikson	Contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a task that needs resolution.	63
8587749621	Mary Ainsworth	Performed a study on attachment and infants. Found that sensitive mothers and fathers tend to have securely attached infants.	64
8587754347	Lev Vygotsky	Studied how child's mind grows, but looked more at the growth due to interactions with the social environment rather than the physical environment.	65
8587756369	Jean Piaget	Proposed that children progress through four stages of cognitive development, each with distinctive characteristics that permit specific kinds of thinking.	66
8587760873	Lawrence Kohlberg	Sought to describe the development of moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong.	67
8587765039	Carol Gilligan	Studied gender differences. Believed females tend to differ from males both in being less concerned with viewing themselves as separate individuals and in being more concerned with "making connections"	68
8587792093	G. Stanely Hall	One of the first psychologists to describe adolescence, believed that this tension between biological maturity and social dependence creates a period of "storm and stress"	69
8587795929	Harry Harlow	He raised monkeys with two artificial mothers. He found that the infants much preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother.	70