AP Biology - Immune System Flashcards

9568423010	First Line of Defense	Nonspecific barrier to keep out pathogens ex: skin, stomach acid, mucous membrane, cilia	0
9568423011	Second Line of Defense	Nonspecific defense and inflammatory response initiated by chemical signals to attack and isolate invading pathogens	1
9568423012	Inflammatory Response	Vasodilation, phagocytosis, and increase in body temperature	2
9568423013	Histamines	chemical signals that trigger vasodilation, increasing blood supply to area	3
9568423014	Phagocytes	White blood cells that engulf invading pathogens e.g., neutrophils, macrophages	4
9568423015	Specific immunity	B and T cells; humoral and cell-mediated response	5
9568423016	Adaptive immunity	Specific immunity	6
9568423017	Lymphocyte	White blood cell	7
9568423018	B Cells	Humoral response by producing antibodies; activated by T cells or free antigens	8
9568423019	T Cells	Cell-mediated response, stimulating by APCs	9
9568423020	Helper T Cell	Set off an alarm to the immune system that pathogens have broken through the body's line of defense; binds to class II MHC	10
9568423021	Cytotoxic T Cell	Kills body cells that have been infected with pathogens; stimulated by antigens and helper T-cells	11
9568423022	Macrophages	APC that engulfs large numbers of pathogens; presents antigen to activate T cells	12
9568423023	MHC I	molecules found on every body cell that presents antigen; signals cytotoxic T to destroy	13
9568423024	Memory Cells	Responsible for lifelong immunity by storing copy B and T cells to more quickly fight secondary infection	14
9568423025	Antibody	Y-shaped protein with variable antigen bind region; slows pathogens to facilitate destruction	15
9568423026	Antigen	Identifying marker on the outside of a pathogen	16
9568423027	Passive Immunity	Temporary immunity where antibodies are transferred from another animal ex: mother transfers some of her antibodies to her nursing child	17
9568423028	Autoimmune disease	A mistake in the immune system where the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself	18
9568423029	lysozyme	antibacterial enzyme	19
9568423030	Kidney	In humans, the major organ that regulates excretion	20
9568423031	Nephrons	Each kidney is made up of a million tiny structures called neprons. Parts of the nephron: The Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, the collecting duct	21
9568423032	Bowman's capsule	Part of the renal cortex (outer most part of the nephron), blood enters the nephron through the Bowman's capsule	22
9568423033	loop of Henle	from the proximal convoluted tubule, the filtrate passes through the loop of henle	23
9568423034	vasopressin (antidiuretic hormones)	allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting duct	24
9568423035	aldosterone	Responsible for regulating sodium reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule	25
9568423036	skin	an excretory organ that gets rid of excess water and salts from the body, primary function is to regulate body temperature. Has three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue	26
9568423037	Functions of Kidneys	1) Maintain proper volume of extracellular fluid (blood and interstitial fluid) 2) Maintain ionic balance in extracellular fluid 3) Maintain pH and osmotic concentration of the extracellular fluid 4) Excrete toxic metabolic by-products such as urea, ammonia, and uric acid	27
9568423038	Filtration	Involves glomerulus (passive process)	28
9568423039	Diabetes Mellitus	Insulin deficiency; sweet urine. Glucose cannot enter cells of the body and thus are excreted through urine.	29