AP Biology: Cell Signaling Flashcards

8454851014	Short Distance Signaling	Messenger molecules are involved in local signaling that travel only short distances	0
8454851015	Synaptic Signaling	A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell	1
8454851016	Endocrine Signaling	endocrine cells secrete hormones, which travel via the circulatory system to other parts of the body, where they reach target cells	2
8454851017	Reception	The target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell; involves the binding of the signaling molecule to a receptor protein	3
8454851018	Transduction	A step or series of steps that converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response	4
8454851019	Signal Transduction Pathway	A sequence of changes in a series of different molecules during transduction	5
8454851020	Response	The transduced signal triggers a specific change in cellular activity	6
8454851021	Ligand	A molecule that specifically binds to a receptor based on complementary shape and causes a change in shape of the receptor	7
8454851022	Examples of Transmembrane Receptors	G protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels	8
8454851023	Ligand-gated Ion Channel	A membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" for ions when the receptor assumes a certain shape	9
8454851024	Testosterone	A steroid hormone that passes through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor within the cytoplasm and turns on specific genes that control male sex characteristics	10
8454851025	Transcription Factor	Special proteins that control which genes are turned on (transcribed into mRNA) in a particular cell at a particular time	11
8454851026	Protein Kinases	Enzymes involved in phosphorylation cascades that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to other proteins; addition of phosphates activates the protein	12
8454851027	Second Messengers	Small, nonprotein water-soluble molecules or ions involved in a signaling pathway; examples include cAMP and calcium ions	13
8454851028	cAMP	Cyclic AMP; a second messenger that is activated by adenylyl cyclase	14
8454851029	Cell Signaling Disruptors	Diabetes, neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides, cholera, anthrax, antihistimines	15
8454851030	Diabetes	The ligand insulin is not produced (Type 1) or the insulin receptor does not bind to the ligand (Type 2)	16
8454851031	Acetylcholine	Neurotransmitter that produces an impulse in a muscle cell	17
8454851032	botulism toxin (botox)	A toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine, preventing muscular contraction	18
8454851033	anti depressants	drugs that increase the availability of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine , which elevate arousal and mood and appear scarce during depression	19
8454851034	Epinephrine	An example of a chemical messenger (ligand) that binds to a transmembrane receptor (GPCR) and signals the breakdown of glycogen into glucose	20
8454851035	direct contact signaling	Direct signaling can occur by transferring signaling molecules across gap junctions or plasmodesmata between neighboring cells	21
8454851036	neurotransmitter	Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.	22
8454851037	glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	23
8454851038	glucagon	A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.	24
8454851039	insulin	A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues	25
8454851040	amplification	The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction.	26
8454851041	myelin sheath	a fatty covering around the axon of neurons that speeds the neural impulse	27
8454851042	resting potential	when the outside of the neuron has a net positive charge and the inside of the neuron has a next negative charge	28
8454851043	action potential	A momentary reversal in electrical potential across a neural membrane that occurs when a cell has been activated by a stimulus.	29
8454851044	sodium potassium pump	Process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron.	30
8454851045	sodium channel protein	opens to allow Na+ to enter the neuron during depolarization	31
8454851046	occipital lobe	A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information	32
8454851047	hypothalamus	A portion of the forebrain that controls homeostatic and endocrine functions by controlling the release of pituitary hormones.	33
8454851048	pituitary gland	The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, this gland regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.	34