Learning AP Psychology Flashcards

7962100621	Learning	A relatively permanent (long-lasting) change in behavior that occurs because of experience is known as...	0
7962100622	Nonassociative learning	Learning resulting from exposure to a single stimulus...	1
7962100623	Habituation	Adapting to unchanging stimuli that decreases our responsiveness to the stimuli is known as...	2
7962100624	Sensitization	An increase in response to a stimulus - exaggerated responses to unexpected, potentially threatening sights or sounds...	3
7962100625	Dishabituation	Occurs when previously habituated stimulus is removed so you are no longer accustomed to the stimulus...	4
7962100626	Desensitization	The decreased responsiveness to an aversive stimulus after repeated exposure...	5
7962100627	Associative learning	Learning resulting from connecting two or more stimuli whether it is two stimuli or a response and its consequences...	6
7962100628	Classical conditioning	A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli...	7
7962100629	Unconditioned stimulus	A stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response in classical conditioning...	8
7962100630	Unconditioned response	The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning...	9
7962100631	Conditioned stimulus	An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response in classical conditioning...	10
7962100632	Conditioned response	The learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus in classical conditioning...	11
7962100633	Ivan Pavlov	What Russian scientists stumbled upon classical conditioning and set up the first experiment on it?	12
7962100634	Forward conditioning	The name for the conditioned timing sequence where the CS is presented before the US...	13
7962100635	Delay conditioning	The name for the conditioned timing sequence where the CS is present until the US begins...	14
7962100636	Trace conditioning	The name for the conditioning timing sequence where the CS is removed some time before the US is presented...	15
7962100637	Acquisition	The initial stage in classical and operant conditioning that means, "learning" has occurred...	16
7962100638	Extinction	The diminishing of a conditioned response in both classical and operant conditioning...	17
7962100639	Spontaneous recovery	The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response...	18
7962100640	Generalization	The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses...	19
7962100641	Discrimination	In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus...	20
7962100642	Second-order conditioning	The type of conditioning involved where a CS that elicits a CR is briefly used as a US in order to condition a response to a new stimulus...	21
7962100643	Contiguity approach	Theory for why classical conditioning works that states associations are made since the pairing of the neutral (eventual CS) and the natural (US) stimuli are paired in time and is backed by Pavlov and Watson...	22
7962100644	Contingency approach	Theory for why classical conditioning works that states it is not when it is paired but that they (CS and US) get paired because the CS comes to predict the US...	23
7962100645	Robert Rescorla	Who is the main proponent of the Contingency approach for why classical conditioning works?	24
7962100646	Conditioned taste aversion	This occurs when an animal associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance...	25
7962100647	Garcia Effect	Another name for CTA that is also described as an aversion or distaste for a particular taste or smell that was associated with a negative reaction (such as nausea or vomiting)...	26
7962100648	Aversive conditioning	Name for the conditioning involved where you reduce the appeal of behaviors one wants to eliminate by associating them with physical or psychological discomfort...	27
7962100649	John Watson	Who conducted the Baby Albert experiments with classical conditioning?	28
8009364740	Operant Conditioning	Learning to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence and thus to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results...	29
8009364741	Law of Effect	Rewarded behavior will more than likely occur again is known as...	30
8009364742	Edward Thorndike	Who proposed the "Law of Effect?"	31
8009364743	B.F. Skinner	Radical Behaviorist instrumental in operant conditioning thanks to his "box"...	32
8009364744	Shaping	In Operant conditioning, establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations to it is known as...	33
8009364745	Chaining	In Operant Conditioning, the reinforcing of a series of behaviors (each one with the opportunity to engage in the next one) to link together a NUMBER of separate behaviors into a more complex activity is known as...	34
8009364746	Reinforcer	In general, an event that follows a response and increases the later probability or frequency of that response is known as...	35
8009364747	Primary reinforcer	An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need is known as...	36
8009364748	Secondary reinforcer	A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power by learning its value is known as...	37
8009364749	Positive reinforcement	The presentation of an event/item that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior to occur is known as...	38
8009364750	Negative reinforcement	Increases the frequency of a behavior by taking something away...	39
8009364751	Escape learning	A form of negative reinforcement where you are making a response in order to end an aversive stimulus (so already exposed to the aversive stimulus)...	40
8009364752	Avoidance learning	A form of negative reinforcement where you are making a response in order to avoid exposure to an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus altogether (so "avoid" being confronted by the aversive stimulus)...	41
8009364753	Punishment	Which of the following is used to decrease the probability of a response/behavior in the future?	42
8009364754	Positive punishment	What is used to get an individual to learn to stop a behavior by avoiding something unpleasant that will be "given" to them if they do the behavior?	43
8009364755	Negative punishment	What is used to get an individual to learn to stop a behavior by possibly taking away something pleasant from them if the behavior occurs?	44
8009364756	Omission training	What is another name for negative punishment?	45
8009364757	Continuous	Reinforcement schedule that reinforces for every response of the correct type...	46
8009364758	Fixed-ratio	Reinforcement schedule that reinforces following completion of a specific number of responses...	47
8009364759	Variable ratio	Reinforcement schedule that reinforces for an unpredictable number of responses that varies around a mean value...	48
8009364760	Fixed interval	Reinforcement schedule that reinforces for the first response that follows a given delay since the previous reinforcement...	49
8009364761	Variable interval	Reinforcement schedule that reinforces for the first response that follows an unpredictable delay (varying around a mean value) since the previous reinforcement...	50
8009364762	Learned helplessness	A condition of a human being or an animal in which it has learned to behave helplessly, even when the opportunity is restored for it to help itself by avoiding an unpleasant or harmful circumstance to which it has been subjected is known as...	51
8009364763	Martin Seligman	Who is known for his work on the theory of learned helplessness and writes self-help books and focused on Positive Psychology?	52
8047976268	Mirror Neurons	Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another's action which may enable imitation and empathy are...	53
8047976269	Vicarious learning	What is another name for learning a behavior by observing another doing the behavior?	54
8047976270	Albert Bandura	Who was instrumental in the study of observational learning/modeling?	55
8047976271	Latent learning	Learning that becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it is known as...	56
8047976272	Edward Tolman	Who is known for his work with latent learning and cognitive maps?	57
8047976273	Cognitive maps	Mental representations of how something is like the environment around you, and is associated with latent learning, can be referred to as...	58
8047976274	Intrinsic motivation	The desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake is known as...	59
8047976275	Extrinsic motivation	The desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment is known as...	60
8047976276	Abstract learning	Understanding concepts such as "tree" or "same" rather than learning simply to press a bar or peck a disk in order to secure a reward is known as...	61
8047976277	Insight learning	Occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem...	62
8047976278	Wolfgang Kohler	Who is known for his work with insight learning with his experiment with chimpanzees and bananas?	63
8047976279	Donald Hebb	Who proposed that human learning takes place by neurons forming new connections with one another or by the strengthening of connections that already exist?	64
8047976280	Eric Kandel	Who was the neuroscientist that helped discover neuromodulators by classical conditioning sea slug aplysia?	65
8047976281	Neuromodulators	What strengthens the synapses between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons?	66
8047976282	Long-term potentiation	A physiological change that correlates with a relatively stable change in behavior as a result of experience (or what neurons fire together, wire together) is known as...	67