AP Biology Chapter 7 Flashcards

5580006873	glycolysis	the process of turning sugars into the 3-carbon molecule pyruvate	0
5580013785	ATP	adenosine triphosphate - the ideal molecule for energy storage; consists of ribose, adenine, and three phosphates	1
5580015875	ADP	adenosine diphosphate; consists of ribose, adenine, and two phosphates	2
5580021331	oxidation	the act of losing electrons	3
5580022869	reduction	the act of gaining electrons	4
5580022870	respiration	a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.	5
5580033053	aerobic respiration	respiration involving oxygen	6
5580033897	anaerobic respiration	respiration lacking oxygen	7
5580160898	obligate anaerobe	an organism that only uses fermentation; cannot survive in the presence of oxygen	8
5580125334	facultative anaerobe	an organism that uses anerobic respiration when necessary	9
5580036178	fermentation	the partial degradation of of sugars or other organic molecules without oxygen	10
5580039174	alcohol fermentation	fermentation resulting in alcoholic substances	11
5580040969	lactic acid	the end product of lactic acid fermentation	12
5580049957	acetyl coenzyme A	the combination of coenzyme A and pyruvate that allows pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle	13
5580057543	Kreb's (citric acid) cycle	pyruvate molecules from glucose are further broken down into carbon dioxide; the nonpolar covalent bonds that are broken produce ATP; occurs in the mitochondria	14
5580066963	electron transport chain	electrons are carried to and from protein complexes; the electrons lose energy and the enrgy is used to pump H+ ions across the membrane to make a chemical gradient	15
5580074667	matrix	the part of a mitochondrion where organic molecules are oxidized	16
5580078475	hydrogen acceptor	a molecule with a positive charge (an extra H+ ion) that accepts electrons, creating a molecule with a neutral charge (an extra H atom)	17
5580082760	coenzyme	an organic molecule that helps an enzyme catalyze a reaction (nonproteins)	18
5580085162	NAD+	an electron carrier (coenzyme)	19
5580087320	electrochemical gradient	a combination of chemical gradient (substances of different concentrations across a membrane) and an electrical gradient (different charges across a membrane); created with H+ in cellular respiration	20
5580095742	proton pump	a protein complex that uses energy from "falling" electrons in the ETC to pump H+ across a membrane	21
5580097373	cristae	the partitions created by the folded inner membrane of a mitochondrion	22
5580104125	chemical energy	the potential energy available for release in chemical reactions	23
5580107200	dehydrogenase	an enzyme that removes H atoms in the ETC	24
5580114608	chemiosmosis	the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane down the electrochemical gradient	25
5580118024	ATP synthase	the enzyme that phosphorylates ADP to create ATP using energy from H+ ions flowing down the gradient into the mitochondrion	26
5580122101	electronegativity	the affinity an atom has for electrons	27
5580129272	deamination	the removal of an amino group from a compound	28
5580131493	oxidizing agent	the molecule that gains electrons, oxidates other molecule	29
5580132473	reducing agent	the molecule that loses electrons, reduces other molecule	30
5580137664	proton-motive force	the H+ gradient that has the capacity to perform work	31
5580140795	cytochrome	an electron carrier; consists of heme and other components	32
5580148012	G3P	a 3-carbon intermediate between sugars and pyruvate	33
5580151413	pyruvate	a 3-carbon molecule that is the first stable intermediate in cellular respiration	34