AP Biology-Biochemistry Review Flashcards

5993823100	Word Roots: -lysis	split (glycolysis: the splitting of glucose into pyruvate)	0
5993823101	proton charge	+1,	1
5993823102	proton mass in amu.	1	2
5993823103	electron charge	-1	3
5993823104	neutron charge	0	4
5993823105	proton location	nucleus	5
5993823106	neutron location	nucleus	6
5993823107	electron location	outside nucleus in orbitals	7
5993823108	electron mass in amu.	0	8
5993823109	neutron mass in amu.	1	9
5993823110	isotopes	atoms of one element that vary only in amount of neutrons. chemically identical.	10
5993823111	ionic bonds	transfer of electrons	11
5993823112	Anion	an atom that gains electrons (negative ion)	12
5993823113	Cation	an atom that loses an electron (positive ion)	13
5993823114	covalent bonds	atoms share electrons, creating a molecule	14
5993823115	single covalent bond	two atoms share a pair of electrons	15
5993823116	non-polar bond	electrons are shared equally between two identical atoms. H-H. will not dissolve in water	16
5993823117	polar bond	atoms are shared unequally. C-H. will dissolve in water polar bond does not necessarily equal polar molecule	17
5993823118	specific heat	the amount of heat a substance must absorb to increase 1 gram of the substance by 1C	18
5993823119	bicarbonate ion	blood buffer	19
5993823120	universal solvent	water	20
5993823121	organic compound	a compound that contains carbon	21
5993823122	carbon	always forms 4 covalent bonds with carbon atoms as well as to atoms of many other elements	22
5993823123	major classes of organic compounds	carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids	23
5993823124	ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate	2/1	24
5993823125	empirical formula for all carbs	Cm(H2O)n	25
5993823126	three classes of carbs	monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.	26
5993823127	monosaccharides	chemical formula: C6 H12 O6. Glucose, galactose, and fructose (isomers of one another).	27
5993823128	disaccharides	chem formula: C12 H22 O11. consist of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis/condensation (removal of one molecule of water)	28
5993823129	hydrolysis	breakdown of a compound. reverse of dehydration synthesis	29
5993823130	sucrose + water --> glucose + fructose	hydrolysis	30
5993823131	polysaccharides	polymers of carbohydrates and are formed as many monos. join via dehydration synthesis.	31
5993823132	five important polysaccharides	cellulose, starch, chitin, glycogen, peptidoglycan	32
5993823133	chitin	important polysaccharide, found in animals. makes up exoskeleton in arthropods (and cell walls in mushrooms) Contains peptide cross bridges.	33
5993823134	glycogen	important polysaccharide, "animal starch". stored in liver and skeletal muscle in humans.	34
5993823135	lipids	functions: energy storage, structure, and endocrine. organic compouds: fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. hydrophobic. consist of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.	35
5993823136	glycerol	a trihydoroxy alcohol	36
5993823137	fatty acid	a longnhydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end. either saturated or unsaturated	37
5993823138	steroids	lipid based hormones ex: testosterone, cholesterol, and estradiol.	38
5993823139	saturated fats	generally come from animals, solid at room temp, linked to heart disease. ex: butter!	39
5993823140	proteins	enzymes, most hormones, antibodies, structural, pigments etc....	40
5993823141	-OH	hydroxyl group	41
5993823142	-COOH	carboxyl	42
5993823143	-NH2	amino	43
5993823144	PO4-2	phosphate group	44
5993823145	dipeptide	a molecule consisting of tow amino acids connected by one peptide bond	45
5993823146	nucleic acid	either RNA or DNA. polymers, carry all heriditary info. made of nucleotides.	46
5993823147	nucleic acid make-up	a phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base	47
5993823148	kinetic energy	The energy of motion; the energy of a mass of matter that is moving. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter.	48
5993823149	potential energy	The energy that matter possesses because of its location or arrangement. Water behind a dam and chemical bonds possess potential energy.	49
5993823150	cholesterol	lipid used as the base for many steroids	50
5993823151	Phospholipids in Cell Membranes	A phosphate group (PO4-) replaces one of the three fatty acids normally found on a lipid. The addition of this group makes a polar "head" and two nonpolar "tails". Aligned tail to tail so the nonpolar areas form a hydrophobic region between the hydrophilic heads on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane.	51
5993823152	adenosine triphosphate (ATP)	main energy source for cells	52
5993823153	Glycosidic linkage	The bond between to monosaccharides to form a disaccharide	53
5993823154	Peptide bond	The bond between two amino acids	54
5993823155	Condensation Reaction	another name for Dehydration Synthesis	55
5993823156	amino acid	Building blocks of protein (monomer)	56
5993823157	amine group	the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid -NH2	57
5993823158	carboxyl group	A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group -COOH	58
5993823159	R group	Amino acid side chain- different for each amino acid	59
5993823160	peptide bond	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	60
5993823161	dipeptide	Two amino acids bonded together	61
5993823162	condensation reaction	A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water	62
5993823163	hydrolysis	Breaking down molecules by the chemical addition of water	63
5993823164	primary structure	The specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.	64
5993823165	secondary structure	level of protein structure consisting of beta pleated sheets and alpha helices. Caused by Ionic and Hydrogen bonding between adjacent amino acids	65
5993823166	tertiary structure	3D shape of single polypeptide using hydrogen bonding, ioning bonding and disulfide bridges	66
5993823167	quaternary structure	The shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.	67
5993823168	Phospholipid	One phosphate replaces a fatty acid to make a polar end to the molecule	68
5993823169	Phosphodiester bond	the bond between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the Sugar of another	69
5993823170	Specific Heat	The amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water(l) by 1 degree Celsius	70
5993823171	Allosteric Inhibition		71
5993823172	Competitive inhibition		72
5993823173	Surface Tension	on the surface of water, the result of Hydrogen bonding	73
5993823174	Capillary action	the result of adhesion and cohesion, it is the rising of water in a thin tube.	74
5993823175	Sulfhydryl group	this functional group is found in amino acids they form disulfide bridges in proteins	75