AP Psychology 7B Flashcards

Myers' Psychology for AP Chapter 7B Cognition: Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language

8323219335	Cognition	The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
8323219336	Concept	A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
8323219337	Prototype	A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)	2
8323219338	Algorithm	A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier, but also more error prone- use of heuristics/	3
8323219339	Heuristics	A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgement and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms Ex- not going to the ice cream isle for crackers	4
8323219340	Insight	A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions	5
8323219341	Creativity	The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.	6
8323219342	Confirmation Bias	A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.	7
8323219343	Fixation	The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	8
8323219344	Mental Set	A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	9
8323219345	Functional Fixedness	The tendency to think of things only in the terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving	10
8323219346	Representativeness Heuristic	Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information	11
8323219347	Availability Heuristic	Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common	12
8323219348	Overconfidence	The tendency to be more confident than correct -- to over estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements	13
8323219349	Belief Perseverance	Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which thy were formed has been discredited	14
8323219350	Intuiton	An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thoughts as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning	15
8323219351	Framing	The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements	16
8323219352	Language	Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	17
8323219353	Phoneme	In language, the smallest distinctive sound unite	18
8323219354	Morpheme	In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)	19
8323219355	Grammar	In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	20
8323219356	Semantics	The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning	21
8323219357	Syntax	The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language	22
8323219358	Babbling Stage	Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	23
8323219359	One-Word Stage	The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	24
8323219360	Two-Word Stage	Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word stagements	25
8323219361	Telegraphic Speech	Early Speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram --"Go Car"-- using mostly nouns and verbs	26
8323219362	Linguistic Determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	27