AP Psychology Unit 1 Flashcards

6520521780	Psychology	Psyche: the mind Ology: the study of The study of behavior and mental processes	0
6520571621	Plato and Socrates	They believed we are born with all of our knowledge, they also believed the mind and body was seperate	1
6520587663	Aristotle	He believed we learn through experience	2
6520611421	John Locke	Believed in tabula rasa(blank slate) and empiricism(knowledge comes from experience, its evidence based)	3
6520626216	Tabula Rasa	Everyone is born with a ¨blank state¨	4
6520638312	Structuralism	Titchener and Wundt Focused on the inner self and what the ¨mind¨ is; used introspection to research This is outdated and no longer used	5
6520638414	Functionalism	William James Focused on how the ¨mind¨ works We have memories/emotions/habits because they have functions Influenced by Darwin(behaviors are adaptive)	6
6520661871	Introspection	Patients self-report their own feelings, thoughts, or sensory experiences This is a terrible research technique because people lie or don truly know themselves	7
6522125859	Pragmatism	William James If god doesn't exist and you die and believe and go nowhere then you are fine but if god does exist and you don´t believe then you go to hell	8
6522593437	Behaviorism	John Watson and B.F. Skinner In response to research focusing too much on the inner sensations/thoughts/feelings They concerned ONLY with behavior that is observable	9
6522612089	Response to Behaviorism	Humanistic(Carl Rogers/Abraham Maslow)-focus on human potential and the needs for love/acceptance(all you need for life is to be listened to, cared about, and accepted) Cognitive-revived study of mental processes(how the world will influence us is a scientific manner)	10
6522614513	False Memories	1990´s Memories of sexual abuse can be repressed in childhood and uncovered later during therapy False	11
6522612090	Rebirthing	Recreating moment of birth Candace Newmaker(2000): 10 yr old adopted child wrapped tightly in blankets and sat on to help her adjust to her new home, she died due to the treatment False	12
6522614514	Projective Tests	Freud psychoanalysis Rorschach tests(ink blots) is an example of this False	13
6522619099	Pseudoscience	Appears to be scientific, but really isn't Cannot be proven using scientific methods, ex: phrenology Skeptics say that it is harmful(deliberate or accidental) Can mislead people or tarnish reputations of real scientists	14
6527787991	Monkey Drug Trials 1969	Monkeys taught to take drugs and then left with a huge supply Consequences: monkeys were harmed, some took drugs until they died	15
6527788429	Psychosurgery	Lobotomies(1930-1950): brain surgery on frontal lobe to ¨cure¨ various mental ailments It took away the person part of the person	16
6527790493	Studies of Behavior- 1920	John Watson Wanted to demonstrate that learning occurred after birth Little Albert: 9 month old baby conditioned to be terrified of white rats	17
6527823009	Scientific Method	Theory: an explanation using an integrated set if principles that organizes and predicts observations Hypothesis: a testable prediction, often implied by a theory, must be testable	18
6527823010	Naturalistic Observation	Type of research Observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation No lab, go out and observe people	19
6527844186	Operational Definitions	Describe exactly how measurements will be taken Has to be very clear	20
6527847419	Replication	Recording studies verifies results, but cant be done if the original did not have clear operational definitions	21
6527823942	Case Studies	Type of research Psychologists study one or more individuals in great depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all	22
6527824599	Surveys	Type of research Technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people Usually by questioning a representative random sample of people Wording is very important, ex: ¨not allowing¨ or ¨censoring¨	23
6528552110	Generalization	Researchers hope that their results can be generalized to the rest of the population	24
6528553713	Population	The group of people we wish to generalize our results to	25
6528561150	Representative Samples	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	26
6528590175	Two Variable Graphs	One variable on the x-axis and one on the y-axis Usually scatter plots	27
6528590176	Single Variable Graph	One variable on the x-axis, the y-axis then stands for frequency(# of subjects at that value) Usually bar graphs or histograms Height of graph= # of people	28
6528627008	Slope	Tells us how one variables relates to the other Positive/Negative Slope	29
6528629984	Positive Slope	As the x-axis(variable) increases so does the y-axis(variable), and vice versa	30
6528632011	Negative Slope	As one variable increases the other variable decreases, and vice versa	31
6528632012	No Relationship Scatter Plot	Scattered dots that are not centered around the line of best fit reflect a weak relationship between the variables	32
6528640952	Correlation Coefficient	Expressed as r, it can range from -1 to 1 -r means a negative correlation r=1.0 means a perfect correlation r=-1.0 means a perfect correlation .6 correlation is considered very strong because a perfect relationship rarely happens	33
6528620324	Correlation Does Not Equal Causation	Some experiments have a third variable that is ignored Variables can have a cause and effect relationship but a correlation does not prove it	34
6530356481	Illusory Correlation	Sometimes we think we see a relationship when there is not one	35
6530103402	Independent Variable	The variable that is manipulated	36
6530421078	Dependent Variable	The variable that we measure	37
6530423175	Control Group	The group with no interaction or treatment	38
6530423176	Experimental Group	The group that received intervention or treatment	39
6530462578	Random Assignment	Each person in the study has an equal chance of being in either group	40
6530462579	Placebo	When a drug is being tested, everyone receives something but some people receive a sugar pill because sometimes the expectation of the drug actually produces symptoms	41
6530465558	Double Blind	Both the patient and the scientist are unaware who receives the placebo	42
6530468509	Institutional Review Board(IRB)	Reviews each study before it is conducted	43
6530519221	Mean	Type of average Add together all the numbers and divide by the number of numbers	44
6530521558	Median	Type of average The middle number from the data when placed in numerical order	45
6530521559	Mode	Type of average The most frequently occurring number	46
6530536536	Normal Curve	Data is evenly spread out Symmetric, bell shaped Mean/median: at peak Mode: at ends	47
6530540658	Negatively Skewed Graph	Affected by low data Skewed to the left Mode: at peak Median: smaller than mode Mean: smallest	48
6530546756	Positively Skewed Graph	Affected by high data Skewed to the right Mean: at peak Median: smaller than mode Mode: smallest	49
6530550458	Range	This tells us how for our data spans Subtract lowest from biggest Affected by outliers	50
6530552993	Standard Deviation	Measure of variability Tells us on average how far the data deviates from the mean	51
6530557207	Small Standard Deviation	Our scores will be close to the mean Many scores are similar and fall close together Mean=peak	52
6530564422	Large Standard Deviation	Our scores will fall far away from the mean Many scores are different, they fall apart Mean=peak Data is spread out	53