AP Final Flashcards

9862684432	capillaries	connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins	0
9862689467	veins	return blood to the heart	1
9862694940	arteries	carry blood away from the heart	2
9862698721	venules	smallest veins, collect blood from the capillaries, thin walls exchange fluid with surrounding tissue	3
9862724308	role of conducting arteries	body's largest arteries, expand w blood, recoild when ventricles relax (aorta, pulmonary)	4
9862738727	tunica intima is smooth bc	it needs to keep blood flowing freely	5
9862747788	order of vessels in the arterial and venous system	conducting arties (biggest), distributing arteries, arterioles (smallest arteries), capillaries, venules (smallest veins, collect blood from capillaries), medium sized veins (forearm), large veins (vena cava, and pulmonary)	6
9862770539	where is resistance the greatest in circulation?	capillaries-large cross-section	7
9862799229	filtration	when pressure pushes a substance from one are of greater pressure to an area of lower pressure, such as when an area of greater pressure in the capillary pushes plasma and dissolved nutrients through the capillary wall and into the surrounding fluid	8
9862834998	coronary arteries arise from	ascending aorta	9
9862853231	capillary beds and osmotic pressure	waste products would remain in the fluid in capillary bed is osmotic pressure, end was equal to pressure	10
9862888604	which arteries supply blood to the brain	internal and external carotid arteries and vertebral arteries	11
9862896331	arteries used to assess HR	radial	12
9862903243	superior vena cava	receives blood from shoulder, head, and arms	13
9862908728	inferior vena cava	below the heart	14
9862920301	route of blood flow through pulmonary circulation	left atrium to pulmonary arteries to lobule arteries to lobule veins to pulmonary veins to left ventricle	15
9862938531	portal system of circulation	veins from digestive system and spleen send blood through hepatic portal vein to the liver, removing excess glucose, toxins and bacteria before going back to heart (2 networks of capillary beds before returning to the heart)	16
9862975897	what effects blood flow velocity	cardiac output, vessel diameter, blood volume resistance, cross section	17
9862993169	diastolic pressure	pressure when contracted	18
9862998141	systolic pressure	pressure when relaxed	19
9863004424	pressure gradient	blood flows bc of difference in pressure between 2 structures	20
9863015234	pressure greatest in	aorta	21
9863018784	pressure lowest in	capillaries	22
9863022551	peripheral resistance	the opposition to flow resulting from friction of moving blood against vessel walls. the greater the pressure the higher the blood pressure. increased BP=increased friction	23
9863042776	cardiac ouput	how much blood pumped	24
9863047757	blood volume	how much blood total	25
9863053090	resistance	pressure differences	26
9863058515	vasodilation	lower BP- blood flow to tissues	27
9863067408	vasoconstriction	higher BP- less blood flow to tissues	28
9863071159	medulla	BP control (parasympathetic impulses)	29
9863087650	characteristics of lymphatic vessels	thin walls and valves to prevent backflow, epithelial cells. cells overlap loosely, allowing gaps to exist between the cells. carry fluid in one direction only, away from the tissues	30
9863108488	T lymphocytes found in	thymus and red bone marrow	31
9863114164	thymus	mediastinum, place for b and t lymphocytes to mature	32
9863122328	spleen	ULQ, immunity, destruction of old RBCs, blood storage, hematopoises, largest lymphatic organ	33
9863138396	lymph nodes	back of throat (tonsils), guard against pathogens, located along vessels, and filter impurities	34
9863167552	mucous membrane of the respiratory tract	repels pathogens by producing mucous that traps pathogens	35
9863176240	sentinel lymph node	first node reached by cancer	36
9863179265	interferon	protein released from virus infected cells that help protect from other invasions	37
9863191484	complement	a group of proteins in the blood that participate in non specific immunity	38
9863208599	specific immunity	your body retains a memory of a pathogen after destroying it the first time	39
9863219916	active immunity	body makes t cells and antibodies against a disease as a result of a vaccination	40
9863231432	natural active immunity	body produces antibodies or t cells after being exposed to a specific antigen	41
9863252252	igA	found in breast milk and mucous membranes	42
9863255473	igD	blood	43
9863259019	igE	allergies	44
9863259020	igG	most abundant	45
9863262523	igM	primary immune response, aggutination of incompatible blood types	46
9863282098	eytotoxic t cells	support the attack by secreting the chemical interleukins	47
9863290440	helper t cells	attack, punch hole making it burst	48
9863442320	membrane attack complex	a group of proteins that embed themselves into the bacterium plasma membrane in ring like circles, punching a hole in the bacterium	49
9863470567	fever	promotes activity of inteferon, elevated body temp inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses	50
9863515861	immature erythrocyte	reticulocyte	51
9863522579	erythropoietins	stimulate new RBCs	52
9863528951	red bone marrow found in adults	ends of long bones and flat irregluar bones	53
9863539259	what is crucial for hemoglobin synthesis	rich in iron	54
9863549096	what causes an increase in number of reticulocytes	low O2	55
9863551891	life cycle of RBC	120 days	56
9863563461	during hemoglobin recycling, heme is broken down into	iron ( bone marrow) and bilirubin (intestines)	57
9863598605	lypmphatic (hemopoietic tissue)	found in red bone marrow	58
9863608112	stages of blood clot formation	vascular spasm, platelet plug, blood clot	59
9863616205	A carries	A antigen	60
9863616206	B carries	B antigen	61
9863619677	AB carries	AB antigen	62
9863619678	O carries	no antigens	63
9863631334	route of cardiac conduction	cardiac impulses in SA node to interatrial bundle of conducting fibers conducts impulses to L atriu,, atriae contract, impulses travel to AV node, ventricles fill w blood, impulse speeds up, travels down bundle of His (AV bundle), R and L bundle branches, purkinje fibers conduct impulses throughout both muscles of both ventricles and contracts	64
9863710633	automaticity	unique ability of the cardiac muscle to contract without nervous stimualtion	65
9863735259	what chamber of the heart has the thickest walls	left ventricle	66
9863746361	what does persistent tachycardia effect cardiac output	cardiac output increases, pumps more blood	67
9863760898	SA node	60-80 bpm	68
9863775375	AV node	40-60 bpm	69
9863778464	purkinje fibers	20-40 bpm	70
9863818432	cardiac cycle	series of events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next (systole and diastole)	71
9863832802	coronary arteries supply blood to	ventricles	72
9863839807	what does a stenotic aortic valve increase	blood flow through valve and increases chance for heart murmur/failure	73
9863862769	endocardium	lines chambers, covers valves (innermost layer)	74
9863870679	myocardium	middle layer, cardiac muscle, thickness, performs work	75
9863879082	epicardium	1st layer, covers heart surface, visceral layer, squamous epithelial cells	76
9863902213	phases of the cardiac cycle	passive ventricular filling to atrial systole to isovolumetic contraction to ventricular ejection to isovolumetric ventricular relaxation	77
9863913716	ejection fraction	the % of blood volume the ventricles eject, 60-80%	78
9863921537	MI caused by	blocked blood flow by blood clot or fatty deposit (heart attack)	79
9955752511	where is air warmed and moistened	the nasal cavity	80
9955759336	describe the three functions of the larynx	prevent fluid/food from entering the trachea air passageway between pharynx and trachea produce sound	81
9955773190	what is the purpose of mucus in the nasal cavity	collect dust	82
9955779973	what is the function of vestibular folds in the larynx	closes glottis during swallowing liquid out of airway	83
9955786867	what is inside the pleural cavity	fluid	84
9955791064	what is responsible for pulmonary ventilation	diaphragm	85
9955798643	what is alveoli and their function	air sacs in the lungs- gas exchange	86
9955805751	why do you have variation of pressure of the gases	proper exchange for CO2 and O2	87
9955814340	inspiratory reserve volume	max inhaled after normal breathing	88
9955824246	expiratory reserve volume	max exhaled after normal breathing	89
9955832892	tidal volume	during normal breathing at rest	90
9955836074	residual volume	amount of air left in the lungs	91
9955845172	how is carbon dioxide transported in the body	bicarbonate ions	92
9955852628	where is the inspiratory and expiratory centers located	medulla	93
9955859530	what is the function of adipose tissue surrounding the kidney	to protect them	94
9955864200	location of the kidneys	T12 vertebra to L3	95
9955880353	flow of filtrates as it leaves the Bowman's capsule	proximal to loop of Henle to distal to collecting duct	96
9955889293	what is filtered through the kidneys	blood	97
9955900695	what happens at the distal convoluted tubule	reabsorption	98
9955907415	proximal convoluted tubule	diffusing fluid into bloodstream	99
9955910804	Loop of Henle	water diffuses out concentration filtrate	100
9955926139	what role does a pressure gradient play in filtration	drives fluid	101
9955936961	what substances are not found normally in urine	glucose, albumin, blood, ketones,bile pigment, they would only be there if there was a disease process	102
9955952314	where is the micturition center located	pons	103
9955960615	where does most of the body's water reside	intracellular-inside	104
9955968339	role of hypothalamus with fluid regulation	stimulated by physical activity changes and stimulates thirst	105
9955985351	what happens when the volume of total body water declines	Bp decreases, sodium increases, osmalarity increases	106
9955998965	cause of dehydration	body eliminates more water than sodium	107
9956007064	hyperkalemia results from	crash injuries or severe burns	108
9956013073	hypokalemia results from	chronic vomitting or diarrhea	109
9956028764	how much % of Na accounts for extracellular fluid osmalarity	90%	110
9956034352	normal pH range for blood and tissue fluid	7.35-7.45	111
9956041640	what does a buffer do	keeps body acid-base balanced	112
9956044019	chemical buffer	uses a chemical to bind or release bicarb ions	113
9956053300	physiological buffer	respiratory and urine system to alter pH output	114
10034672244	relationship between respiratory rate and pH	decreases CO2 = increased pH	115
10034682608	what is the body's response to metabolic acidosis	increased respiratory rate	116
10034689990	first step of digestion	mastication/chewing	117
10034694095	where does digestion begin	mouth	118
10034700065	enamel	hard tissue that covers crown (cannot be repaired)	119
10034705376	pulp	fills root canals	120
10034711201	dentin	bulk of tooth	121
10034724350	pyloric sphincter	between duodenum and pyloric, allows content from stomach to enter duodenum	122
10034743936	which part of the intestine does most digestive processes occur	duodenum/ small intestine	123
10034756292	what causes a vitamin B12 deficiency	decreased production-> intrinsic factor	124
10034771261	cephalic	thought of food	125
10034785517	gastric	enters stomach	126
10034789066	intestinal	absorption and secretion	127
10034793276	path of bile	R and L hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, common bile duct, cystic duct	128
10034807270	what organs produce digestive enzymes	pancreas= acinar cells	129
10034825683	cholecystokinin CCK	cause gallbladder contraction	130
10034832063	gastrin	cause gallbladder contraction just like CCK but less powerful	131
10034850645	secretin	bile and pancreas to release bicarb, neutralizes stomach acid	132
10038518602	metabolsim	nutrient have chemical reaction in cells	133
10038535096	calorie	amount of temp to raise 1g of H20 up by 1 degree C	134
10038543276	basal metabolic rate	energy your body requires when at rest	135
10038556831	leptin	suppresses appetite (as well as cholecystokinin)	136
10038582662	peptin YY	signal satiety	137
10038587318	ghrelin	produces hunger/insulin	138
10038592912	micronutrient	vitamins	139
10038600995	monosaccharides	one, simple, fructose, glucose, galactose	140
10038623755	disaccharides	2, simple, sucrose, lactose, maltose	141
10038630316	polysaccarhides	many, complex veggies, grains, rice	142
10038655273	water soluble vitamins	absorbed with water in the small intestine, after which they are dissolved in body fluids and then excreted by the kidneys	143
10038666832	fat soluble vitamins	absorbed with dietary fat, after which they are stored in the liver and fat tissues of the body until needed	144
10038683017	essential fatty acids	needed for optimal body function	145
10038687491	nonessential fatty acids	body can synthesize	146
10038690731	lipids	fats, reservoir of excess energy, insulation, provides 2 times the amount of energy	147
10038709263	catabolism	destroy, fat and carb metabolism	148
10038716545	anabolism	build, protein metabolism	149
10038730740	what is the body's primary energy source	carbs	150
10127604001	anaerobic fermentation	without O2	151
10127605197	aerobic repsiration	with O2 (yields the most energy)	152
10127612383	what happens in lipid metabolism	catabolism	153
10127616495	when needed for energy what happens to fat molecules stored in adipose tissue	breaks down and produces 2 times amount of energy as carbs	154
10127625690	cremaster muscle	surrounds the spermatic cord and testes. contracts and draws the testes closer for warmth	155
10127634000	path taken by sperm from the seminferous tubules to the ejaculatory duct	seminferous tubules - rete testes- efferent ducts- vas deferens- ejaculatory ducts	156
10127639465	how long can sperm remain fertile before they are ejaculated	40-60 days	157
10127641268	corpus cavernosum	2 large cylinders of erectile tissues that fill the shaft of the penis and fill w blood during sexual arousal causing penis to become enlarged and erect	158
10127650854	females and males primary reproductive organs	male- testes female- ovaries	159
10127655942	how many and type of eggs are in the ovaries	thousands of immature eggs	160
10127657896	phases of the ovarian cycle	last days of menstruation- follicular phase-ovulation- luteal phase- menstruation	161
10127672524	high levels of progesterone and estrogen causes what to occur	thickening of endometrium/ no other follicles develop	162
10127675985	high LH means	ovulation	163
10127677482	how many chromosomes does a zygote contain	46 (23 pairs)	164
10127679454	phases of gestation	first tri: conception-12 weeks 2nd tri: 13-24 weeks 3rd: 25- birth	165
10127683858	amnion	babies breathe and swallow it and envelopes and protects embryo from trauma and changes in temp	166
10127688418	chorion	outermost membrane, forms what will become the fetal side of the placenta	167
10127691923	umbilical cord	contains 2 umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein, fetal heart pumps blood into the placenta via arteries and returns blood to fetus from placenta via vein	168
10127696353	function of the placenta	secretes hormones necessary to maintain pregnancy and supplies embryo with O2 and nutrients	169
10127700521	week 12 of fetal development	formed face, long and thin arms, distinguishable sex, liver produces bile, swallows amniotic fluid, produces urine, eyes develop	170
10127705999	week 20 of fetal development	lanugo and vernix caseosa covers/protects baby from amniotic fluid, fetal movement (quickening) can be felt, finger and toe nails appear	171
10127835905	stages of labor	dilation of cervix: 6-18 hrs, cervical effacement (thinning of walls, cervical dilation/widening) expulsion of baby: 30-60 min, begins with full dilation and ends with birth/ crowing (seeing top of baby's head for the first time) delivery of placenta: delivery of afterbirth (placenta, amnion, and fetal membranes)	172
10127852537	how is gender determined	by presence of absence of certain chromosomes	173
10127858368	homozygous	2 alleles that are the same	174
10127859029	heterozygous	2 alleles that are different	175
10127860327	genome	a complete set of genetic info for one person	176
10127862356	what can cause a mutation	radiation, exposure to certain chemicals, or virsues	177
10127866913	nondisjunction	Turners	178
10127868743	female gamete	Only X chromosome	179
10127869643	male gamete	either an X or Y chromosome	180
10127870521	dominant allele	overshadows the effect of a recessive allele offspring, express the trait of a dominant allele if both, or only one, chromosome in a pair carries it	181
10127879349	autosomal dominant inheritance	a single gene disorder, when a defective allele is dominant, it overrides the normally functioning allele and the disorder results	182
10127884075	autosomal recessive inheritance	offspring must inherit two copies of the defective allele before the disorder manifests itself	183