Pre-AP Biology Review Flashcards

5993833630	Theory	proposed explanation for a wide variety of observations and experimental results	0
5993833631	Evolution	change in genetic frequency in a population over time	1
5993833632	Artificial Selection	process by which humans modify a species by breeding it for certain traits	2
5993833633	Survival of the fittest	evolutionary theory as a way of describing the mechanism of natural selection. The biological concept of fitness is defined as reproductive success.	3
5993833634	fitness	measure of an organisms ability to survive and produce offspring relative to other members of a population	4
5993833635	adaptation	inherited trait that is selected for over time because it allows organisms to better survive in their environment	5
5993833636	descent with modification	The other meaning of evolution referred to structural change in a species that took place over time	6
5993833637	fossils	trace of an organism from the past	7
5993833638	homologous structures	body part that is similar in structure on different organisms but performs different structures	8
5993833639	extinction	elimination of a species on earth	9
5993833640	species	group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring	10
5993833641	ribosome	organelle that links amino acids together to form proteins	11
5993833642	virus	infectious particle made only of a strand of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat	12
5993833643	antibiotics	chemical that kills or slows the growth of bacteria	13
5993833644	host cell	an animal or plant on or in which a parasite or commensal organism lives. a living cell in which a virus multiplies	14
5993833645	vaccine	substance that stimulates an immune response, producing acquired immunity without illness or infection	15
5993833646	pathogen	agent that causes disease	16
5993833647	biotic factors	living things of influences in an ecosystem or habitat	17
5993833648	Producer	organism that obtains its energy from abiotic sources such as sunlight or inorganic chemicals	18
5993833649	ecosystem	collection of organisms as well as all nonliving things , such as climate , soil, water, rocks, in an area	19
5993833650	trophic level	level of nourishment in a food chain	20
5993833651	biodiversity	variety of life in an area. Biodiversity is a measure of the number and types of organisms that live in an ecosystem	21
5993833652	community	collection of all of the different populations that live in one area	22
5993833653	consumer	organism that obtains its energy and nutrients by eating other organisms	23
5993833654	abiotic factor	nonliving influence in an ecosystem ,such as moisture,air,water,minerals	24
5993833655	ecology	study of interactions among living things and their surroundings	25
5993833656	parasitism	ecological relationship in wich one organism benefits while harming the other	26
5993833657	transpiration	movement of water through the plant tissue	27
5993833658	Alleles	different forms of a gene	28
5993833659	Cell Wall	strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some fungi and bacteria. Not in animal cells.	29
5993833660	Chromosomes	DNA coiled tightly around proteins	30
5993833661	Diploid	cell with two of each kind of chromosome	31
5993833662	DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid	32
5993833663	DNA Replication	a semi-conservative process creating an identical (usually) copy of the genetic material	33
5993833664	Dominant	an organism with this allele for a particular form of a trait will always exhibit that form of the trait. (Capital letter!)	34
5993833665	Gametes	reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells; in humans, the egg or sperm	35
5993833666	Genes	sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait. There can be thousands of these one just ONE chromosome	36
5993833667	Phenotype	the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment	37
5993833668	Haploid	an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes instead of two	38
5993833669	Heterozygous	Alleles are different (Tt)	39
5993833670	Homologous structures	Are structures that share a similar structure even though their functions may differ. Evidence of evolution from a common ancestor, i.e. bird wing, bat wing, human arm	40
5993833671	Homozygous	Both alleles are the same (TT) or (tt)	41
5993833672	Meiosis	cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; create 4 unique cells	42
5993833673	Mitochondria	organelle that produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar; cellular respiration takes place here	43
5993833674	Mitosis	cell division that produces somatic (non-reproductive body cells); creates 2 identical cells	44
5993833675	Mutations	change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information; can passed on to offspring if they occur in the gametes	45
5993833676	Natural Selection	Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest	46
5993833677	Nucleus	a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction. Only in eukaryotic cells.	47
5993833678	Order of Organism Complexity	Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism	48
5993833679	Photosynthesis	process performed in the chloroplast buy producers. Turns solar energy into chemical energy (sugar)	49
5993833680	Plant cells	Contain chloroplasts (photosynthesis sites) and large vacuoles (water storage areas) that are not found in animal cells	50
5993833681	Primary producers	the trophic level that's responsible for creating the majority of available food energy in an ecosystem	51
5993833682	Punnett Squares	a method of solving genetic probability questions.	52
5993833683	Cellular Respiration	Animal cells turn carbohydrates, water and oxygen into energy (ATP). Waste product is carbon dioxide.	53
5993833684	Ribosome	small organelle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein; where amino acids are made into proteins	54
5993833685	RNA	A pairs with U and C pairs with G. At this point the base Uracil is put in place of Thymine (so A now bonds only with U).	55
5993833686	Somatic	any body cell expect for sex cells	56
5993833687	Succession	the gradual process of change in an ecosystem after a disturbance. generally leads back to a climax community	57