AP Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

5991289982	Purpose of Mitosis	-Growth -Repair -Replacement -Create 2 identical cells	0
5991289983	Parts of the Cell Cycle	Interphase- G1, S, G2, and G0 Mitosis (M)- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Cytokinesis	1
5991289984	What happens in each part of the Cell Cycle	Interphase: G1- Cell doing it's thing, first gap, cell grows, DNA in the form of chromatin S- DNA is replicated G2- Prep for cell division, and more growing occurs G0- Non-dividing state Mitosis (M): Cell Division Prophase- Chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes, nuclear membrane is gone, spindle fibers form as well as centrioles Metaphase- Spindles are attached at the centromere, chromosomes line up in the middle (equator) Anaphase- Chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindles and move towards opposite poles Telophase- Cell starts to split by a wall or cleavage furrow, nuclear membrane reappears Cytokinesis: Splitting of the Cytoplasm	2
5991289985	Steps of Mitosis and what happens in each	Early Prophase- Chromatin condenses into chromosomes Late Prophase- Distinct chromosomes, nuclear membrane gone, spindle fibers, and centrioles Metaphase- Spindles are attached at the centromere, chromosomes line up in the middle (equator) Anaphase- Chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindles and move towards opposite poles Telophase- Cell starts to split by a wall or cleavage furrow, nuclear membrane reappears	3
5991289986	Longest phase of Mitosis	Prophase	4
5991289987	Shortest Phase of Mitosis	Anaphase	5
5991289988	Structure of the Mitotic Spindles: Role of the Centrosomes	A sub-cellular region containing material that functions throughout the cell cycle yo organize the cells microtubules Another name is the microtubule-organizing center	6
5991289990	Structure of the Mitotic Spindles: Role of the Microtubules	Rope like components, they are used to position the chromosomes at a specific spot in the cell. They are also used to increase or decrease the tension on each side of the chromosome	7
5991289991	Structure, Function, and Location of Kinetochores	Structure- Structure made up of proteins Function- Where microtubules attach to the centromeres of the chromatids Location- Assembled on specific sections of DNA at the centromere	8
5991289993	Chromosome	Packed DNA in structures	9
5991289994	Sister Chromatids	Two identical copies of a chromosome that are connected by a centromere	10
5991289995	Daughter Chromosomes	A chromosome that results from the separation of the sister chromatids during cell division	11
5991289996	Difference in Mitosis in Plant and Animal Cells	Plant: During Telophase, a cell plate separates the cytoplasm and 2 cells Animal: During Telophase, the cell membrane begins to pinch together (cleavage furrow), and separates the one cell to create 2 cells	12
5991289997	Ploidy Numbers	A measure of the number of chromosomes in a cell	13
5991289998	Chromosome numbers	Before Mitosis: 46 (2n) During Mitosis: 46 (2n) After Mitosis: 46 (2n)	14
5991289999	Difference in Bacteria Replication and Eukaryotes	Bacteria Replication- -occurs inside the cytoplasm -replication is very rapid Eukaryotes replication- -occurs inside the nucleus -replication is slow	15
5991290000	Cell Cycle Control System and Checkpoints	Cell Cycle Control System- What they are: the system that controls the cell cycle and is driven by specific signaling molecules present in the cytoplasm Checkpoints- What they are: a control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle	16
5991290001	Cyclins	Group of proteins that control the development of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase.	17
5991290002	Cyclin-Dependent Kinases	Group of proteins that regulate the cell cycle. Involved in transcription, mRNA processing, and the differentiation of the nerve cells.	18
5991290003	Example of the molecular control of the cell cycle at the G2 checkpoint (including MPF)	G2 checkpoint: maturation-promoting factor (MPF)- which triggers the cells passage into the (m) phase past the G2 checkpoint, cyclin-dependent kinases Goes from G2 to Mitosis	19
5991290004	External Signals: Growth Factors	A protein released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide	20
5991290007	Role of the Cell Cycle in Cancer	The cell cycle is the production of making more cells and cancer is uncontrolled cell growth	21
5991290008	Role of genes and Mutations in the cell cycle in cancer	Mutations are caused by extrinsic factors and those increase risk of cancer	22
5991290009	Three extrinsic factors that can cause cancer and how	1- Chemicals (smoking) 2- Radiation 3- Viruses 4- Bacteria Why there can be a lag time between exposure and cancer- Because this is the period between exposure and onset of disease	23
5991290010	Relationship between time and the survival rates	quicker the cancer is found in time in an earlier stage, the longer survival rate one would have	24
5991290011	Benign Tumor	A tumor that can't spread by invasion or metastasis to other areas	25
5991290012	Malignant Tumor	A tumor that can spread by invasion or metastasis to other areas of the cell	26
5991290013	Metastasis	The ability of cancer cells to penetrate into blood vessels, circulate the blood stream, and then invade normal tissue elsewhere	27
5991290014	Apoptosis	Programmed cell death, cell suicide	28
5991290017	Biopsy	The removal of a piece of tissue for microscopic examination	29
5991290018	Carcinoma	An uncontrolled growth of cells that remains in original location	30
5991290019	Oncogene	Damaged genes that help develop cancer	31
5991290020	Carcinogen	Any substance that has the potential to cause cancer in living tissues	32
5991290022	drawn examples of the stages of Mitosis		33
5991290023	Cell in Interphase		34
5991290024	Cell in Prophase		35
5991290025	Cell in Metaphase		36
5991290026	Cell in Anaphase		37
5991290027	Cell in Telophase		38
5991290028	Gametes	A reproductive cell- sperm or egg	39
5991290029	Somatic Cells	All other body cells besides reproductive	40
5991290030	Karyotype	Visual expression of chromosomes that have paired up, or the chromosome complement of a cell or a whole organism	41
5991290031	Homologous Chromosomes	A chromosome with the same gene sequence as another, each derived from one parent	42
5991290032	Homologs	same thing as a homologous chromosome, A chromosome with the same gene sequence as another, each derived from one parent	43
5991290033	Autosomes	chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes	44
5991290034	Sex Chromosomes	Determine the sex of a person, XY= male XX=female	45
5991290035	Diploid	(2n), 2 of the halves, full set of genetic information	46
5991290036	Haploid	(1n), half of the genetic information	47
5991290037	Fertilization	merging of 2 haploid cells	48
5991290038	Zygote	early stage development of an organism	49
5991290039	Gene	The set of information that controls a trait;a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait.	50
5991290041	Variation	The differences that occur in individuals within a species	51
5991290043	Asexual Reproduction	Advantages- can reproduce twice as many, does not require fertilization, can quickly occur, don't need mate Disadvantages- reproduction is based on amount of food, very little variation	52
5991290044	Sexual Reproduction	Advantages- more genetic variation, children are different from parents, able to produce more offspring because of mate Disadvantages- slower reproduction rate, less reliable, takes time and energy to find mate	53
5991290046	Recombination	New allele combinations produced by crossing over, source that results in the variation in population gene pools	54
5991290047	Recombinant Chromosomes	When genetic material combine in which half is from the mother and half is from the father and makes a new chromosome	55
5991290048	Synapsis	Occurs in Prophase of Meiosis 1, the homlogs pair up to form bivalents	56
5991290049	Chiasma	Regions where non-sister chromatids become entangled and the chromosomes exchange segments, place of crossing over	57
5991290050	Tetrad	A group of 4 closely associated chromatids of a homologous pair formed by synapsis, copied chromosomes	58
5991290051	"n"	half of the genetic information, haploid	59
5991290052	Meiosis	Purpose- Sex cell division Product- 4 gametes used in fertilization Location of Occurrence- within the testes and the ovaries	60
5991290053	Number of human Chromosome pairs	23 pairs	61
5991290054	Number of human Chromosomes	46 individual	62
5991290055	Number of human chromosomes in cells of meiosis	At Beginning- (2n) or 46 At End-(n) or 23	63
5991290056	Relationship between genetic diversity and Meiosis	Ways that Meiosis increases Genetic Diversity- because of crossing over and the fact that individual genes come from 2 different places and combine together	64
5991290057	Crossing Over	When- Prophase of Meiosis 1 Where- at the Chiasma site How- non-sister Chromatids become entangled and the chromosomes exchange segments	65
5991290058	Genetic Recombination	When- During Meiosis 1 Where-Anaphase How- New allele combinations produced by crossing over, source that results in the variation in population gene pools	66
5991290059	Ploidy number during meiosis	Before-(2n) or 46 After-(n) or 23	67
5991290060	The Stages of Meiosis and what happens in each	Meiosis 1: Prophase- Chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes, nucleus disappears, spindle fibers form as well as centrioles, chromosomes are a tetrad Metaphase- Spindles are attached at the centromere, chromosomes line up in the middle (equator) Anaphase- Chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindles and move towards opposite poles Telophase- Cell starts to split by a cleavage furrow, nuclear membrane reappears Cytokinesis: Splitting of the Cytoplasm Meiosis 2: -same steps as Meiosis 1 except for at the end instead of producing 2 haploid cells, either creates 4 sperm by spermatogenesis or 1 egg and 3 polar bodies by oogenesis	68
5991290061	Purpose of Meiosis 1	To create 2 haploid cells each with 2 sister chromatids per chromosome	69
5991290062	Purpose of Meiosis 2	To create 4 haploid cells with each chromosome consisting of a single chromatid	70
5991290063	Significant events of Prophase in Meiosis 1	Where crossing over occurs and in result ensures that each sex cell is unique, chromosomes are tetrad	71
5991290064	The difference between Metaphase of Meiosis 1 and Mitosis	In Meiosis 1, homologous chromosomes line up in the middle whereas in mitosis individual chromosomes line up in the middls	72
5991303061	anaphase	Stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite spindle poles.	73
5991303062	asexual reproduction	Reproductive mode by which offspring arise from a single parent only.	74
5991303063	cell cycle	A series of events from the time a cell forms until its cytoplasm divides.	75
5991303064	cell plate	After nuclear division in a plant cell, a disk-shaped structure that forms a cross-wall between the two new nuclei.	76
5991303065	cleavage furrow	In a dividing animal cell, the indentation where cytoplasmic division will occur.	77
5991303066	cytokinesis	Cytoplasmic division.	78
5991303067	growth factor	Molecule that stimulates mitosis and differentiation.	79
5991303068	homologous chromosomes	Chromosomes with the same length, shape, and set of genes.	80
5991303069	interphase	In a eukaryotic cell cycle, the interval between mitotic divisions when a cell enlarges, roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components, and replicates its DNA.	81
5991303070	metaphase	Stage of mitosis at which the cell's chromosomes are aligned midway between poles of the spindle.	82
5991303071	metastasis	The process in which cancer cells spread from one part of the body to another.	83
5991303072	mitosis	Nuclear division mechanism that maintains the chromosome number. Basis of body growth and tissue repair in multicelled eukaryotes; also asexual reproduction in some plants, animals, fungi, and protists.	84
5991303073	neoplasm	An accumulation of abnormally dividing cells.	85
5991303074	oncogene	Gene that helps transform a normal cell into a tumor cell.	86
5991303075	prophase	Stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and become attached to a newly forming spindle.	87
5991303076	proto-oncogene	Gene that, by mutation, can become an oncogene.	88
5991303077	spindle	Dynamically assembled and disassembled network of microtubules that moves chromosomes during nuclear division.	89
5991303078	telomere	Noncoding, repetitive DNA sequence at the end of chromosomes; protects the coding sequences from degradation.	90
5991303079	telophase	Stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and decondense, and new nuclei form.	91
5991303080	tumor	A neoplasm that forms a lump.	92
5991303082	crossing over	Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segments during prophase I of meiosis.	93
5991303083	egg	Mature female gamete, or ovum.	94
5991303084	fertilization	Fusion of two gametes to form a zygote.	95
5991303085	gamete	Mature, haploid reproductive cell; e.g., an egg or a sperm.	96
5991303086	gametophyte	A haploid, multicelled body in which gametes form during the life cycle of land plants and some algae.	97
5991303087	germ cell	Immature reproductive cell that gives rise to haploid gametes when it divides.	98
5991303088	haploid	Having one of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species.	99
5991303089	meiosis	Nuclear division process that halves the chromosome number. Basis of sexual reproduction.	100
5991303090	sexual reproduction	Reproductive mode by which offspring arise from two parents and inherit genes from both.	101
5991303091	somatic	Relating to the body.	102
5991303092	sperm	Mature male gamete.	103
5991303093	sporophyte	Diploid, spore-producing stage of a plant life cycle.	104
5991303094	zygote	Diploid cell formed by fusion of two gametes; the first cell of a new individual.	105