AP Psychology Brain and Behavior Flashcards
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| 7681144502 | amygdala | Part of Limbic System - responsible for fear responses and the memory of fear - if damaged - inability to create fear responses, risky behavior, deficits in recognizing emotion |  | 0 |
| 7681144503 | somatosensory cortex | - Between motor cortex and parietal lobe - receives tactile information from the body,each area of cortex corresponds to an area of the body. - if damaged - difficulties in perceiving touch in certain areas of body. |  | 1 |
| 7681144504 | temporal lobe | -contains auditory cortex which makes us capable of hearing -also contains Wernicke's Area -if damaged, difficulty processing hearing |  | 2 |
| 7681144505 | thalamus | - part of limbic system - receives sensory cortex and sends them to appropriate areas of forebrain -Smell is NOT processes here |  | 3 |
| 7681144506 | occipital lobe | - receives and interprets visual input from retinas - if damaged - loss of vision, partial/ complete blindness |  | 4 |
| 7681144507 | Wernicke's area | - in temporal lobe - language comprehension - if damaged - inability to comprehend written or spoken language |  | 5 |
| 7681144508 | cerebral cortex | - gray wrinkled surface of a thin layer packed of neurons - all thinking activities (determining personality, planning, intelligence, organization); divided into 4 lobes - if damaged - sensory and motor problems |  | 6 |
| 7681144509 | medulla | - above spinal cord, part of brain stem, below pons - basic bodily functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, circulation ,etc. - if damaged - death, drooling, breathing assistance, drooling |  | 7 |
| 7681144510 | neurotransmitter | - chemicals in terminal buttons that travel in the synaptic gap between neurons - brain chemicals that communicate information throughout our body and brain |  | 8 |
| 7681144511 | motor cortex | - frontal lobe, edge of back frontal lobe touching parietal lobe - generate neural impulses that control the execution of movement - if damaged - loss of muscle function, paralysis |  | 9 |
| 7681144512 | pituitary gland | - next to optic nerve and hypothalamus - releases growth hormones - if damaged - production of hormones is irregular or stops |  | 10 |
| 7681144513 | reticular formation | - part of brain stem - regulate sleeping, alertness, focus controls, sleep- wake cycle - if damaged - lack of sleep, over sleeping, loss of focus, never wake up |  | 11 |
| 7681144514 | pineal gland | - part of endocrine system - produces melatonin; affects sleep patterns - if damaged - hypertension, epilepsy, sexual dysfunction |  | 12 |
| 7681144515 | glial cells | - specialized cells that take care of neurons by providing nutrients, clearing dead neurons, and producing myelin sheath |  | 13 |
| 7681144516 | spinal cord | - connects peripheral nervous system to brain; sends information from body to brain and from brain to body. -can also initiate life saving reflexes (act as a primitive brain) - if damaged, paralysis |  | 14 |
| 7681144517 | serotonin | -Neurotransmitter involved in mood, motivation, and temperature - low in depressed people, anti-depressants boost serotonin levels -ecstasy and other hallucinogens release serotonin |  | 15 |
| 7681144518 | dopamine | - Neurotransmitter involved in reward and pleasure - Also regulates movement - deficiency results in Parkinson Disease, muscle rigidity - too much: feelings of pleasure/high; linked with schizophrenia -cocaine releases large amounts of dopamine |  | 16 |
| 7681144519 | norepinephrine | - neurotransmitter secreted in response to stress - too much: emotional, anxiety, depression - too little: loss of alertness, memory problems, lack of arousal and interest |  | 17 |
| 7681144520 | acetylcholine (ACh) | -neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction and memory - too much: intense muscle contractions - too little: immobility, related to Alzheimer's |  | 18 |
| 7681144521 | GABA | - main inhibitory neurotransmitter, calms the body - too much: anxiety, shortness of breath, numbness - too little: anxiety disorders |  | 19 |
| 7681144522 | glutamate | - main excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory - too much: over excitation ,restlessness, nervousness, insomnia |  | 20 |
| 7681144523 | brain stem | - above spinal cord, includes pons; medulla; midbrain - in charge of basic vital life functions - if damaged - organ failure, difficulties balancing and moving |  | 21 |
| 7681144524 | Broca's area | - left frontal lobe, directly above temporal cortex - produces fluent speech - if damaged - Broca's aphasia, repetitive speech |  | 22 |
| 7681144525 | cerebellum | - behind brainstem, below occipital lobe - monotors and regulates motor control, automatic muscle movements, balance, timing - if damaged - inability to walk, dizziness, slurred speech |  | 23 |
| 7681144526 | corpus callosum | - connects right and left hemisphere and allows information to pass through - split brain patients |  | 24 |
| 7681144527 | frontal lobe | -area of cerebral cortex involved in planning, solving, decision making, motor control - if damaged- inability to express language, atypical social skills -Phineas Gage |  | 25 |
| 7681144528 | hippocampus | -critical in the formation of new memories - if damaged - severe memory impairment, inability to form new memories |  | 26 |
| 7681144529 | hypothalamus | - Part of limbic system - hunger thirst, body temperature, sleep, rage, aggression - if damaged - hypothermia, excessive sleep, weight gain/ loss, aggression |  | 27 |
| 7681144530 | limbic system | - includes amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus - emotional control center of the brain - if damaged - uncontrolled emotions |  | 28 |
| 7681144531 | parietal lobe | - area of cerebral cortex that receives and processes sensory information ( pain, touch, pressure), spatial attention |  | 29 |
| 7681144532 | pons | - part of brain stem - facial expressions, bridge to cerebrum, sleep - if damaged- sleep disruption, inability to form facial expressions |  | 30 |
| 7681144533 | prefrontal cortex | - front of frontal lobe - planning, reasoning judgement, social skills - if damaged - inability to inhibit social behaviors |  | 31 |
| 7681144534 | dendrites | a branched fiber that extends outward from the main cell body. It receives incoming messages and carries information to the soma/cell body |  | 32 |
| 7681144535 | cell body | contains nucleus, connected to dendrites and axon, functions as the "brain" of the neuron |  | 33 |
| 7681144536 | axon | extended fiber that conducts information from the cell body to the terminal buttons; travels in the form of an electric charge (action potential) |  | 34 |
| 7681144537 | neural impulse | electrical signal traveling along an axon |  | 35 |
| 7681144538 | myelin sheath | fatty substance that surrounds an axon, lubricating it and allowing for faster neural transmission. |  | 36 |
| 7681144539 | axon terminals | bulb like structures at the end of an axon, store and release the neurotransmitters |  | 37 |
| 7681144540 | synapse | gap between neurons that neurotransmitters must travel across. |  | 38 |
| 7681144541 | all or none principle | neuron either fires completely or doesn't fire at all |  | 39 |
| 7681144542 | EEG | - electroencephalogram - detects brain waives - widely used in sleep and dreaming research |  | 40 |
| 7681144543 | CAT scan | - computerized axial tomography - 3D picture - X-Ray - look for tumor - would not get any information about how active parts of the brain are |  | 41 |
| 7681144544 | MRI | - magnetic resonance imaging - similar to CAT scan - more detailed picture - uses magnetic field to measure the density and location of brain material - gives information about the structure of the brain |  | 42 |
| 7681144545 | PET | - position emission tomography - see what areas of the brain are most active during certain task - how much of a certain chemical parts of the brain are using |  | 43 |
| 7681144546 | Functional MRI | - combines MRI and PET scan - shows details of brain structure with information about book flow in brain |  | 44 |
| 7681144547 | Central Nervous System | - brain and spinal cord |  | 45 |
| 7681144548 | Peripheral Nervous System | -neurons, glands, organs, muscles etc outside of the brain and body - further divided into somatic and autonomic |  | 46 |
| 7681144549 | efferent neurons | - motor neurons - sends information from brain to body parts for movement |  | 47 |
| 7681144550 | afferent neurons | - sensory neurons - send information to CNS from body parts |  | 48 |
| 7681144551 | agonist | blocks re-uptake, excites, mimics the neurotransmitter, increases the response of the neurotransmitter by making excitatory more excited and inhibitory more inhibitory | 49 | |
| 7681144552 | antagonist | prevents release, blocks, inhibits, decreases the response of the neurotransmitter by making excitatory less excitatory and inhibitory less inhibited. | 50 | |
| 7681144553 | resting potential | neuron is at rest, but ready to fire. it is negatively charged on the inside. Potassium ions are on the inside; Sodium ions are on the outside | 51 | |
| 7681144554 | excitatory neurotransmitter | neurotransmitters that make the receiving neuron MORE likely to generate an action potential; they increase activity | 52 | |
| 7681144555 | inhibitory neurotransmitter | neurotransmitters that make the receiving neuron LESS likely to generate an action potential; they decrease activity | 53 | |
| 7681144556 | lesion | natural or man made destruction of brain tissue; one of the techniques used to study the brain | 54 | |
| 7681144557 | plasticity | the ability for a brain to change; for instance in a child who has had a hemispherectomy, the right hemisphere may adapt and do functions that the right did. |  | 55 |
| 7681144558 | endocrine system | system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream ( controlled by hypothalamus) |  | 56 |
| 7681144559 | Left hemisphere | left portion of the cerebral cortex, responsible for motor movement and sensation of the right side of the body, and the right visual field. Also the main language center |  | 57 |
| 7681144560 | Right hemisphere | right portion of the cerebral cortex, responsible for motor movement and sensation of the left side of the body, and the left visual field. Also the area responsible for facial recognition. |  | 58 |
| 7681144561 | split brain patients | Patients who have had their corpus callosum severed to stop severe seizures. Experimentation with these patients allowed researchers to understand hemisphere specialization. |  | 59 |
| 7681144562 | Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga | Researchers who worked with split brain patients to examine hemisphere specialization. | | 60 |