APES-Chapter 8 Flashcards

5786733157	Core	The innermost zone of earth made of molter iron and nickel.	0
5786733798	Mantle	The 2nd innermost layer of the earth made of magma.	1
5786734582	Magma	molten rock.	2
5786735070	Asthenosphere	Located in the outer part of the mantle composed of semi-molten rock.	3
5786735709	Lithosphere	The outermost layer of the earth, including the mantle and crust.	4
5786736898	Crust	The outermost layer of the lithosphere.	5
5786739242	Hot spot	A place where molten material from under the earth reaches the lithosphere.	6
5786743475	Plate tectonics	The theory the the lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion.	7
5786745794	Subduction	The process where one crustal plate passes under another.	8
5786748537	Divergent Plate boundary	An area beneath the ocean where boundaries move away from each other.	9
5786748846	Seafloor spreading	The formation of the new ocean crust as a result of magma pushing upward and outward the mantle.	10
5786749257	Convergent Plate Boundary	An area where plates move toward one another and collide.	11
5786749577	Transform Fault Boundary	An area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other.	12
5786749578	Fault	A fracture in rock caused by a movement of Earth's crust.	13
5786749775	Seismic Activity	The frequency and intensity of earthquakes experienced over time.	14
5786750230	Fault Zone	A large expense of rock where a fault has occurred.	15
5786775437	Earthquake	The sudden movement of the earth's crust caused by the sudden release of energy along a geologic fault.	16
5786775438	Epicenter	The exact point directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake.	17
5786775924	Richter Scale	Measures the largest ground movement during an earthquake.	18
5786785528	Rock Cycle	Involves the constant formation, alteration, and destruction of rock material that results from tectonic, weathering, and erosion.	19
5786788479	Physical Weathering	The mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals.	20
5786789399	Chemical Weathering	The breakdown of rocks by chemical reactions.	21
5786791134	Erosion	The physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape.	22
5786794022	Parent material	The rock material from which the inorganic components of a soil are derived.	23
5786796008	Soil Degradation	The loss of some or all of soil's ability to support plant growth.	24
5786797454	Soil Horizon	The horizontal layer in a soil defined by distinctive physical features such as texture and color.	25
5786822596	Cation Exchange capacity	The chemical property of the soil that tells the ability of a soil to absorb and release cations.	26
5786823267	Base Saturation	The proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed as a percentage.	27
5786825608	Crustal abundance	The average concentration of an element in Earth's crust.	28
5786826412	Ore	A concentrated accumulation of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted.	29
5786827333	Reserve	The known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered.	30
5786828483	Strip Mining	The removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore.	31
5786829621	Open pit mining	Uses a large visible pit or hole in the ground	32
5786830297	Mountain top removal	The entire top of a mountain is removed with explosives.	33
5786831089	Placer Mining	Looking for minerals, metals, and precious stones in river sediments.	34
5786832854	Subsurface mining	Mining technique used when the desired resource is more than 100 m (328 feet) below the surface of earth.	35
5786835771	Mining Law of 1872	aka General Mining Act. Regulates mining of silver, copper, gold ores as well as fuels on federal lands. It also allowed individuals to recover ores from federal lands.	36
5786841840	The Surface Ming Control and Reclamation Act of 1977	Mandates that land be minimally disturbed during the mining process and reclaimed after the mining is completed.	37