AP Biology: Chapter 17 Flashcards
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| 5726191553 | Central Dogma | - Cells are governed by a cellular chain of command: DNA to RNA to Protein |  | 0 |
| 5726191554 | Gene Expression | - DNA directs protein synthesis in two stages: Transcription and Translation |  | 1 |
| 5726191555 | Transcription | - Synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template - Occurs in nucleus of eukaryotes - Messenger RNA: molecule that carries the DNA message to the ribosome |  | 2 |
| 5726191556 | Translation | - Production of a polypeptide chain using the mRNA transcript - Occurs at ribosome - RIbosomes are the sites of translation - Nucleic to Amino |  | 3 |
| 5726191557 | Differences of RNA | - Ribosome instead of deoxyribose sugar - Uracil instead of thymine - Usually single stranded | 4 | |
| 5726191558 | The Genetic Code | - There are 20 amino acids, but only four are nucleotide bases in DNA | 5 | |
| 5726191559 | Triplet Code | - 3-nucleotide bases on the mRNA that are complementary to the DNA template - Each corresponds to a particular amino acid | 6 | |
| 5726191560 | Codons | - mRNA triplet code - Read 5 to 3 direction - 64 codons, 3 stop codons, and 1 start codon (AUG) - More than one for each acid - Reading frame is a series of 3 nucleotides |  | 7 |
| 5726191561 | RNA Polymerase | - Seperates the two DNA strands and connects the RNA nucleotides as they base pair on DNA strand - Uses same rules as DNA except U for T - RNA elongates in 5 to 3 direction | 8 | |
| 5726191562 | Promoter | - DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription | 9 | |
| 5726191563 | Terminator | - DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription | 10 | |
| 5726191564 | RNA Polymerase I | - Only transcribes rRNA genes - Makes ribosomes | 11 | |
| 5726191565 | RNA Polymerase II | - Transcribes genes into mRNA | 12 | |
| 5726191566 | RNA Polymerase III | - Only transcribes tRNA genes | 13 | |
| 5726191567 | Promoter Region | - The binding site before the beginning of genes - TATA box - Binding site for RNA polymerase and transcription factors | 14 | |
| 5726191568 | Enhancer Region | - Binding site far upstream from genes - Turns transcription on HIGH | 15 | |
| 5726191569 | Initiation Complex | - Transcription factors bind to promoter region - Collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA to initiate transcription - Turn on/off transcription | 16 | |
| 5726191570 | Exons | - Eukaryotic genes are not continuous - The real gene expressed in coding DNA |  | 17 |
| 5726191571 | Introns | - Junk - Not transcribed or translated | | 18 |
| 5726191572 | mRNA Splicing | - Post transcriptional processing - Eukaryotic mRNA needs work after transcription - Primary transcript: pre-mRNA - Edits introns out - Makes mature mRNA transcript - Eukaryotic RNA is ~10% of the gene | 19 | |
| 5726191573 | snRNP's | - (SNURP) - Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins - Signals RNA splicing |  | 20 |
| 5726191574 | Spliceosome | - Several snRNP's - Recognize the splice site sequence - Cuts out introns and joins to exons |  | 21 |
| 5726191575 | Alternative Splicing | - Alternative mRNAs produced from the same gene - Different segments treated as exons - Organisms use the same DNA and get different genes |  | 22 |
| 5726191576 | Post Transcriptional Processing | - Need to protect the mRNA on its trip from nucleus to cytoplasm - Enzymes in cytoplasm attack the mRNA - Protects the ends of the molecule - Add 5 to GTP cap - Add poly A tail - Longer tail=mRNA lasts longer= Produces more proteins | 23 | |
| 5726191577 | Transfer RNA Structure | - Clover Leaf Structure - Anticodon on clover leaf end - Amino acid attaced to 3 end |  | 24 |
| 5726191578 | Loading tRNA | - Aminoacyl RNA - Enzyme that bonds to amino acids to the tRNA - Gets energy for bonding from ATP (AMP + P) | 25 | |
| 5726191579 | A Site | - Holds tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain | 26 | |
| 5726191580 | P Site | - Holds the tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chains | 27 | |
| 5726191581 | E Site | - Empties the tRNA - Leaves ribosome from exit site | 28 | |
| 5726191582 | Initation | - mRNA - Ribosome subunits - Initiator tRNA comes together | 29 | |
| 5726191583 | Elongation | - Adding amino acids based on codons | 30 | |
| 5726191584 | Termination | - STOP codon - Release factor | 31 | |
| 5726191585 | Protein Targeting | - Signal peptide: Address label - SRP targets protein to ER |  | 32 |
| 5726191586 | Prokaryote Genes | - DNA in cytoplasm - Circular chromosome - Naked DNA - NO INTRONS | 33 | |
| 5726191587 | Eukaryote Genes | - DNA in nucleus - Linear chromosomes - DNA wound on histone proteins - Introns vs Exons | 34 | |
| 5726191588 | Translation and Transcription in Prokaryotes | - DNA is in cytoplasm - No mRNA editing - Ribosomes read mRNA as it is being transcribed - Occur simultaneously | 35 | |
| 5726191589 | Point Mutation | - Single base change - Silent mutation (no amino acid change) - Redundancy - Missense (change in amino acid) - Nonsense (change in stop codon) | 36 | |
| 5726191590 | Frameshift | - Shift in reading frame - Downstream - Insertion or deletion of bases | 37 |