AP Psychology Review Sheet Flashcards

6642824424	Encoding	The processing of information into the memory system.	0
6642824425	Parallel Processing	The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision.	1
6642824426	Ebbinghaus Curve	The more you rehearse something, the more likely you are to retain it.	2
6642824427	Automatic Processing	unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings	3
6642824428	Spacing Effect	Massed Practice-Cramming Distrubuted Practice- Manage information better , long term recall.	4
6642824429	Serial Position Effect	Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list	5
6642824430	Primacy Effect	the more accurate recall of items presented at the beginning of a series	6
6642824431	Recency Effect	the more accurate recall of items presented at the end of a series	7
6642824432	Long Term Potentiation	a possible source of the formation of memories; improvement in a neuron's ability to transmit caused by repeated stimulations	8
6642824433	Storage	Retaining information	9
6642824434	H.M. Study	Famous case study in psychology who had his hippocampus removed to prevent seizures. Discovered that hippocampus had to do with long term memory.	10
6642824435	Retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage Process of getting information out of memory storage	11
6642824436	Recall	A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.	12
6642824437	Priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory	13
6642824438	Context Effects	memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place	14
6642824439	State Dependent Memory	the phenomenon of recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness. (remembering an appointment when youre drowsy, might not remember again unless drowsy)	15
6642824440	Mood Congruent Memory	The greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matched the mood we were in when the event happened.	16
6642824441	CREB and Glutamate	CREB- Binding protein in our blood that reshapes the synapses Glutamate- Excitatory	17
6642824442	Atkinson-Shiffrin Model	Encoding- Putting info in Storage- Holding info in Retrieval- Getting info out	18
6642824443	Sperling Memory Test	Grid with letters Echoic Memory- Sound Iconic Memory- Sight	19
6642824444	Short Term Memory	20-60 seconds	20
6642824445	Long Term Memory	Remember forever (personalization)	21
6642824446	Working Memory	A system for temporarily storing and managing the information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension.	22
6642824447	Magic Number 7	We remember about 7 things before we start to forget	23
6642824448	Episodic Memoy	Memory of autobiographical memory	24
6642824449	Semantic Memory	Memories of common knowledge. ex-colors	25
6642824450	Procedural Memory	A type of long-term memory of how to perform different actions and skills. Essentially, it is the memory of how to do certain things.	26
6642824451	Flashbulb Memory	clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event	27
6642824452	Explicit Memories	are memories of facts, including names, images and events. They are also called declarative memories.	28
6642824453	Implicit Memories	Unintentional memories we might not even realize we have	29
6642824454	Absent-Mindedness	Inattention to detail	30
6642824455	Transience	Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time	31
6642824456	Blocking	the temporary inability to remember something that is known "tip of the tongue"	32
6642824457	Missattribution	Confusing source of information	33
6642824458	Suggestability	Emotional characteristics where ideas or attitudes of other person are accepted without criticism.	34
6642824459	Bias	A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.	35
6642824460	Persistence	the continual recurrence of unwanted memories	36
6642824461	Proactive Interference	Previously held knowledge prevents successful retrieval of more newly learned information.	37
6642824462	Retroactive Interference	The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information	38
6642824463	Loftus Study	An impairment in memory after exposed to misinformation	39
6642824464	Concepts	ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities	40
6642824465	Prototypes	The most typical example of a particular concept.	41
6642824466	Heuristic	A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.	42
6642824467	Algorithm	A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.	43
6642824468	Availability Heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common	44
6642824469	Representative Heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information	45
6642824470	Insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions--- Sultan the Chimp and Wolfgang Kohler	46
6642824471	Confirmation Bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	47
6642824472	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	48
6642824473	Convergent Thinking	a type of critical thinking in which one evaluates existing possible solutions to a problem to choose the best one Ex. Order of elimination	49
6642824474	Divergent Thinking	In problem solving, the process of widening the range of possibilities and expanding the options for solutions.	50
6642824475	Fixation	The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.	51
6642824476	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	52
6642824477	Functional Fixedness	The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.	53
6642824478	Framing	The way a problem is presented	54
6642824479	Whorf's language determinism	Is the idea that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought	55
6642824480	Critical Period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development	56
6642824481	Telegraphic Speech	Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs	57
6642824482	Syntax	Sentence structure	58
6642824483	Overgeneralization	The misapplication of grammar rules	59