Ecology - AP Bio Flashcards
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| 6747982371 | Biotic Province | -a region inhabited by a characteristic set of taxa -bound by barriers that tend to limit emigration & immigration of species -based on history and evolutionary connections | 0 | |
| 6747982372 | Biome | -a large scale community -determined primarily by the physical environment -based on niches and habitat -collection of plans and animals adapted to the regional climate -climatic similarity! (analogous) -areas sharing similar climate, topographic and soil conditions, and roughly comparable communities -most important determinants are temp and precipitation -identified by dominant plants of their communities | 1 | |
| 6748035518 | Weather | -a description of physical conditions of the atmosphere | 2 | |
| 6748038633 | Climate | -a description of the long-term weather pattern in a particular area -global variation due to solar E being unevenly distributed -imbalance evened out by movement of air and water vapor in the atmosphere and by liquid water in rivers and ocean currents | 3 | |
| 6748081020 | Solar Radiation | -great weather engine -about half of the solar E is reflected or absorbed b atmosphere -most solar E reaching the earth is visible light -E re-emitted by the earth is mainly infrared radiation (heat E) -longer wavelengths are absorbed in the lower atmosphere, trapping heat close to the earth's surface (Greenhouse Effect) | 4 | |
| 6751742412 | Convection Transfer | -driven by solar E -lighter air rises and is replaced by cooler, heavier air, resulting in vertical convection currents -theses currents transport E and redistribute heat | 5 | |
| 6751758669 | Latent Heat Transfer | -driven by solar E -much of solar E absorbed by Earth is used to evaporate water -E stored in water vapor is latent heat -if condensation nuclei present or if temp are low enough, condensation will lead to precipitation | 6 | |
| 6751805477 | Convection Currents/Cells | -as air warms at the equator, rises, and moves northward, it sinks and rises in several intermediate bands, forming circulation cells -surface flows do not move straight N and S, but are deflected due to Coriolis Effect (air right north, left south) -hot air low pressure, cold high (equator low) -major zones of subsidence occur at 30 deg where dry subsiding air falls and creates broad, subtropical desert regions | 7 | |
| 6751927073 | Jet Streams | -large scale upper air flows -usually 6-12 km above surface | 8 | |
| 6751935547 | Cold Front | -boundary formed when cooler air displaces warmer air -cold air is more dense, thus hugs ground and pushes under warm air | 9 | |
| 6751942344 | Warm Front | -boundary formed when warm air displaces cooler air -warm air is less dense and slides over cool air, creating a long wedge-shaped band of clouds | 10 | |
| 6752045459 | Ecology | -the study of the interactions among all organisms and with their physical environment -population, community, ecosystem ecology | 11 | |
| 6752051950 | Habitat | -place where an organism lives | 12 | |
| 6752053593 | Niche | -an organism's role within the ecosystem -what it eats, how it migrates, its reproduction (excluding specific location) -the species habitat and all the environmental factors abiotic and biotic that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of a species | 13 | |
| 6752060350 | Population | -a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time | 14 | |
| 6752063273 | Community | -all of the different populations in an area interacting w/ each other | 15 | |
| 6752065350 | Ecosystem | -the interactions among the community and the physical environment. | 16 | |
| 6752074807 | Population Ecology | -population dynamics studies the factors that affect the growth, stability, and decline of populations Growth (rapid reproduction, death rates low, plentiful resources) Stability (often proceeded by a "crash"; population outstrips available resources;longest phase) Decline (death outpace both;;; lack of resources) -abundance varies in space and time | 17 | |
| 6752146963 | Population Size | -total # of individuals | 18 | |
| 6752149388 | Population Distribution | -pattern of dispersal of individuals within the area of interest -uniform, random, clumped | 19 | |
| 6752233158 | Uniform Distribution | -even spacing-maximized distance -top predators -territorial -intense competition for a resource Ex: eagles, penguins, many plants | 20 | |
| 6752239571 | Random Distribution | -least common form -position of each individual is independent of the other individuals -occurs in habitats where abiotic + biotic factors are consistent Ex: moose, dandelions, oysters | 21 | |
| 6752257568 | Clumped Distribution | -most common -distance between neighboring individuals is minimized -resources are patchy -social groups -offspring unable to move from their habitat -prey organisms often clump for defense Ex: most plants, lions, hyenas, giraffes, elephants, gazelles, and many more | 22 | |
| 6752277821 | Survivorship | -life table -population demographics - fraction of individuals that survive from birth to different life stages or ages -survivorship curves (1,2,3) 1-juvenile survival is high and most mortality occurs among older indv (primates, elephants) 2-indv die at equal rates regardless of age (mice, squirrel) 3-indv die at a high rate as juveniles and then at much lower rates later in life (turtles, frogs, schooling fish, trees) |  | 23 |
| 6752285476 | Fecundity | -life table -population demographics -average number of offspring each individual produces at those life stages or ages | 24 | |
| 6752334291 | Resources | -organisms make choices about E allocation in response to environmental conditions -in stressful, more E towards homeostasis less to reproduction etc | 25 | |
| 6752343770 | Exponential growth | -without limits -J shaped curve -G = rN |  | 26 |
| 6752345703 | Logistic growth | -size limited by resources -S shaped curve -growth slowed by limiting factors -K- carrying capacity which is the max. population size that an environment can support |  | 27 |
| 6751988822 | Natural Environments | -populations are impacted by both the abiotic and biotic factors in their environment -limit growth and size biotic: competition, predation, disease, parasitism abiotic: drought, freezes, hurricanes, floods, forest fires | 28 | |
| 6751999992 | Population Density | -the number of individuals per unit area -dynamic characteristic- changes over time -natality, mortality, immigration, emigration | 29 | |
| 6752012129 | Density-dependent Factors | -factors whose effects on the size or growth of the population vary w/ the population density Ex: competition for food, water, shelter, predation, disease, migration | 30 | |
| 6752025013 | Density-independent Factors | -factors whose effects have nothing to do w/ the density of the population -abiotic factors -floods, fires, hurricanes, volcanoes, natural disasters | 31 | |
| 6752375687 | K-selected | -few offspring -high parental care -slow maturation -stable, expensive offspring -population size is near carrying capacity due to density dep. factors Ex: us, wolves |  | 32 |
| 6752392646 | R -selected | -many offspring -little parental care -rapid maturation -unstable, cheap offspring -environmental instability reduces population size before its approaches carrying capacity (density ind?) Ex: turtles, elk, hares etc |  | 33 |
| 6752429144 | Ecological community | -an assemblage of populations that live in a particular area or habitat and interact | 34 | |
| 6752432422 | Community ecology | -the science that seeks to explain the underlying mechanisms that create, maintain, and determine the fate of biological communities | 35 | |
| 6752444166 | Scale | -the size of a community | 36 | |
| 6752451258 | Spatial Structure | -the way species are distributed relative to each other -some species provide a framework that creates habitats for other species -coral reefs | 37 | |
| 6752458466 | Species richness | -the # of species in a community | 38 | |
| 6752460446 | Relative abundance | -refers to how common or rare a species is relative to other species in a defined location | 39 | |
| 6752542644 | Species interactions | -the ways different organisms affect each other and how they have adapted to each other's presence | 40 | |
| 6752545749 | Competition | -both species are harmed -offense or defense always expending E -sometimes no kill cause by busy fighters -trees | 41 | |
| 6752556039 | Predation and Parasitism | -one species harmed -one benefited | 42 | |
| 6752768400 | Predation | -prey is killed immediately upon successful attack | 43 | |
| 6752771263 | Partial Predators | -prey is usually not killed, but many prey organisms affected during predator's lifetime -grazers and browsers | 44 | |
| 6752775913 | Parasitism | -relationship where one species (parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (host) | 45 | |
| 6752782237 | Parasitoids | -lays eggs on or in prey and then the eggs hatch and developing offspring consume the prey -wasps | 46 | |
| 6752615099 | Mutualism | -both species benefit -an interaction where the 2 species benefit from their interaction -ants and aphids | 47 | |
| 6752617451 | Commensalism | -one species benefit -other is neutral -an interaction where one species benefits from the interaction and the other is not affected -barnacles and whale | 48 | |
| 6752619150 | interspecific competition | -competition for limited resources among individuals of different species Ex: cheetah, lion, gazelle | 49 | |
| 6752702192 | Limiting factor/resource | -any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence of organisms in a specific environment | 50 | |
| 6752709227 | Ecological Niche Concept | -the "role" a species "plays" in the ecosystem -the organisms use of biotic and abiotic resources and their habitat | 51 | |
| 6752732522 | Competitive Exclusion Principle | -no 2 similar species occupy the same niche at the same time -possible outcome of competition = extinction of one species | 52 | |
| 6752738706 | Resource Partitioning | -splitting the niche between different species -species using similar resource coexist -species divide up the resources to reduce competition Ex:: anoles | 53 | |
| 6752748107 | Fundamental Niche | -the niche that a species potentially could occupy, in the absence of competitors | 54 | |
| 6752750621 | Realized Niche | -the niche to which a species is restricted in the presence of competition | 55 | |
| 6752814333 | Succession | -The gradual, sequential series of changes in the species composition of a community following a disturbance | 56 | |
| 6752820606 | Primary Succession | -Occurs in essentially lifeless areas such as regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life and is caused by usually large disturbances (bare rocks) -cyclones, eruptions, tsunamis, forest fires, epidemics -1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens | 57 | |
| 6752822499 | Secondary Succession | -Occurs in areas where a community that previously existed has been removed; it is characterized by smaller scale disturbances that don't eliminate all life and nutrients from the environment (soil remains) -windy events, droughts, floods, disease -Yellowstone fires of 1988 | 58 | |
| 6752822500 | Pioneer Species | -First species to return after a disturbance; they are the first stage of succession; their presence increases the diversity in a region by making it inhabitable through their decomposition (nutrients) -lichen, moss | 59 | |
| 6752824947 | Climax Community | -An ecological community in which populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment. It is the final stage of succession, remaining relatively unchanged until another disturbance. | 60 | |
| 6752824948 | Climax Species | -Species that pop up once an ecosystem has reached its climax. These species have grown off of the head start they've been given from pioneer species and those in between. Many include complex trees that are shade tolerant. -oak trees | 61 | |
| 6752827073 | Disturbance | An event or force, of nonbiological or biological origin, that brings about mortality to organisms and changes in their spatial patterning in the ecosystems they inhabit. | 62 | |
| 6752854125 | Tropical rainforest | notes | 63 | |
| 6752854126 | desert | notes | 64 | |
| 6752855753 | savanna | notes | 65 | |
| 6752855754 | chaparral | notes | 66 | |
| 6752855755 | temperate grassland | notes | 67 | |
| 6752858100 | coniferous forest (taiga) | notes | 68 | |
| 6752858101 | temperate deciduous forest | notes | 69 | |
| 6752858102 | tundra | notes | 70 | |
| 6752859956 | wetlands | notes | 71 | |
| 6752859957 | estuary | notes | 72 | |
| 6752859958 | ocean | notes | 73 | |
| 6752864248 | coral reef | notes | 74 |