AP Biology Cell Communication Flashcards

6039133324	signal transduction pathway	The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response	0
6039133325	local regulators	signal molecules that travel a short distance, an example of this is growth factors.	1
6039133326	paracrine signaling	A secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator into the extracellular fluid.	2
6039133327	synaptic signaling	a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell	3
6039133328	Local signaling	signaling between adjacent cells (paracrine, autocrine, and synaptic)	4
6039133329	hormones	ligands/chemicals used for long distance signaling	5
6039133330	Long distance signaling	endocrine signalling	6
6039133331	hormonal signaling	specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids often the blood. Hormones reach virtually all body cells	7
6039133332	reception	the target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell. The chemical signal is detected when it binds to a receptor protein.	8
6039133333	transduction	The binding of a signal protein changes the receptor protein in some way, intiating this process. This stage converts the signal into a form that can bring about a specific cellular response.	9
6039133334	response	the result of transduction is a specific response for example the shutting on or off of a gene.	10
6039133335	ligand	a molecule that specifically binds to another often larger molecule. the binding of this often causes a receptor portion to under go change in conformation i.e. shape.	11
6039133336	G-protein-linked receptor	a plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a protein called a g-protein	12
6039133337	receptor tyrosine kinase	can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once, helping regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and cell reproduction. This receptor is a major class of plasma membrane receptors charcterized by having enzymatic activity.	13
6039133341	Phosphorylation cascade	a series of different molecules in a pathway are phosphorylated in turn , each molecule adding a phosphate group to the next one in a line .	14
6039133343	second messengers	act to amplify the signal received from an intercellular membrane protein.	15
6039133344	cyclic AMP or cAMP	Acts as second messenger. An enzyme embedded in the plasma membrane, is made from ATP by adenylyl cyclase inactivated by phosphodiesterase an enzyme that converts it to AMP.	16
6039133345	inositol triphosphate( IP3)	A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic Ca 2+ concentration.	17
6039133347	scaffolding proteins	large relay proteins to which several other rely proteins are simultaneously attached	18
6039133350	Intracellular Receptors	cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins. Signal molecules that are small or hydrophobic and can readily cross the plasma membrane use these receptors	19
6039133353	endocrine gland	a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, from which they diffuse into the bloodstream	20
6039133354	endocrine signaling	involves hormones being secreted into the blood, to target only the specific target cells that recognize them	21
6039133357	mechanisms of hormonal signaling	(a) a water-soluable hormone binds to a receptor protien on the surface of a target cell. this interaction triggers a signal transduction pathway that leads to a change in a cytoplasmic function or a change in gene transcription in the nucleus. (b) a lipid-soluable hormone penetrates the target cell's plasma membrane and binds to an intracellular receptor either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. The signal-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor, typically activating gene expression	22
6039133359	cytokines	any group of proteins secreted by a number of cell types, including macrophages and helper T cells that regulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system	23
6039133379	synapse	The locus where one neuron communicates with another neuron in a neural pathway a narrow gap between a synaptic terminal of an axon and a signal-recieveing portion (dendrite or cell body) of another neuron or effector cell . Neurotransmitter molecules released by synaptic terminals diffuses across the synapse relaying messages to the dendrite or effector	24
6039133380	neurotransmitters	a chemical messenger released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron at a chemical synapse that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to and stimulates the postsynaptic cell	25
6039133386	ligand-gated ion channels	protien pore in a cell's plasma membrane that opens or closes in response to a chemical signal allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions	26
6039133387	voltage gated ion channels	a specialized ion channel that opens or closes in response to changes in membrane potential.	27
6039261246	endosymbiotic theory	eukaryote evolution of organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) via a symbiotic relationship between a two prokaryotes after one was engulfed by the other.	28
6039277954	prokaryotes	cells with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. circular or single strand dna free floating. cell walls made of peptidoglycans.	29
6039289894	Smooth ER	Ca+ ions are stored in the _____	30
6039302616	phospholipid head	hydrophylic- water lover. polar. glycerol.	31
6039309222	phospholipid tails	hydrophobic-water fearer. non polar. fatty acids	32