AP Bio Flashcards

4815862285	Organic Chemistry	The study of all compounds that contain carbon atoms.	0
4816129686	Properties Of Organic Molecules Depends On:	1. Arrangement of carbon skeleton 2. Chemical (Functional) groups attached to the molecule	1
4815865000	Carbon	Has 4 valence electrons, the most versatile of all elements, two inner and 4 outer electrons.	2
4815944167	Hydrocarbons	Long chains of H and C	3
4815953090	Isomers	Compounds with the same number of atoms of the same elements but have different structures.	4
4815957685	Structural Isomers	They are made of the same number of atoms of the same elements but are arranged differently. i.e: pentane	5
4815959982	Cis-Trans Isomers	The ends of the molecule(s) are flipped. Cis-isomers are unflipped, trans-isomers are flipped.	6
4815961150	Enantiomers	They are mirror images of each other. i.e: methamphetamine	7
4815970916	What is larger, monomers or polymers?	Polymers	8
4815971925	What are the 4 types of macromolecules?	Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins	9
4815981021	Dehydration Synthesis	Water is formed and released when a monomer abandons its H and OH and becomes linked to a larger polymer.	10
4815989770	Hydrolysis	Water is used to separate a monomer from a polymer. i.e: Occurs in digestion	11
4815991996	What elements are present in carbohydrates?	C, H, and O with a usual ratio of 1:2:1	12
4815993128	Carbohydrates purposes and functions:	They are the main energy source of energy in living things, get energy from the breakdown of sugars, and is used for structural purposes in plant/animal cells.	13
4815994149	What are carbohydrates' monomers?	Sugar, single molecule = monosaccharide	14
4815995612	What are carbohydrates' polymers?	Polysaccharides	15
4815996454	What are the functional groups of carbohydrates?	Carbonyls and hydroxyls	16
4815998217	Carbonyl	Carbon double bonded to oxygen	17
4816008267	Hydroxyls	Hydroxides acting as the functional groups of carbohydrates.	18
4815997226	Ketose	Carbonyls within a carbon chain	19
4815999007	Aldose	Carbonyls at the end of a carbon chain	20
4816010605	Alpha-Glucose	Cis-isomer glucoses	21
4816011677	Beta-Glucose	Trans-isomer glucoses	22
4816034016	Glycosidic Linkages	Covalent bonds between two monosaccharides via dehydration synthesis.	23
4816035330	Key characteristics of starch	They store energy for plants, they are stored in plastids, and can be hydrolyzed to form glucose used for cellular respiration.	24
4816036222	Key characteristics of glycogen	They store energy for animals, they are stored in the liver and muscle cells, and can be hydrolyzed to form glucose for cellular respiration.	25
4816038276	Key characteristics of cellulose	They make up cell walls and use all beta-glucose molecules	26
4816039799	What elements are present in lipids?	C and H	27
4816041707	What are the functions of lipids?	To store energy and act as waterproof coverings. i.e: cell membranes	28
4816044265	What are the building blocks of lipids?	Glycerol and fatty acids	29
4816045308	Are lipids polar or nonpolar? Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?	Nonpolar and hyrophobic	30
4816051234	What are two unique things about saturated lipids?	They have the maximum number of H-bonded to the C of the molecule and therefore has no double bonds. They are generally solid at room temperature. i.e: butter	31
4816052468	What are two unique things about unsaturated lipids?	They have at least one double bond of carbon and are generally liquid at room temperature. i.e: peanut oil, canola oil, vegetable oil, etc.	32
4816059525	What are the characteristics of phospholipids?	They make up cell membranes, have both polar and nonpolar regions, and the polar (hydrophilic) regions can interact with water	33
4816062562	What are the characteristics of steroids?	They are lipids that have 4 fused rings attached to a carbon skeleton, are nonpolar (hydrophobic) and are insoluble in water.	34
4816064270	What elements are present in nucleic acids?	C,H,O,P, and N	35
4816104181	What is the function of nucleic acids?	To store and transmit genetic information	36
4816104891	What are the monomers of nucleic acids?	Nucleotides. i.e: Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine and Adenine and Uracil in RNA	37
4816107178	What are the polymers of nucleic acids?	DNA or RNA	38
4816108458	What makes up a nucleotide?	Phosphate group, a nitrogen base, and a 5-carbon sugar	39
4816110306	What elements are present in proteins?	C,H,O, and N and have four organizational groups	40
4816111156	What are the functions of proteins?	To control reaction rates, some form bones and muscles, to transport substances, and to make hormones	41
4816114749	What are the monomers of proteins?	Amino Acids	42
4816115489	What are the polymers of proteins?	Polypeptides	43
4816116694	What is the primary structure of a protein?	The specific amino acid sequence	44
4816117715	What is the secondary structure of a protein?	The making of an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet depending on where the hydrogen bonding between the peptide backbones are.	45
4816118707	What is the tertiary structure of a protein?	The final 3D shape, results from various bonding between the R-Groups, R-Groups form H-Bonds, disulfide bridges, and ionic bonds.	46
4816121372	What is the quaternary structure of a protein?	The final shape either fibrous or globular. It results in the clustering of multiple peptide chains	47
4816123115	What is denaturing?	When the bonds of a protein break because conditions are not ideal, this changes its shape and affects its ability to function properly.	48