AP BIOLOGY: UNIT 1 Flashcards

4850011183	abiotic	non-living	0
4850016766	biomass	dry weight of an organism	1
4850024591	protobiont	first life form	2
4850026220	enzymes	biological catalyst for chemical reactions	3
4850041814	cytology	the study of cells	4
4850044077	cytologist	a person who works with cells	5
4850048034	Prokaryotic Cells	bacterial organisms that evolved before a nucleus had evolved into existence	6
4850061465	The oldest prokaryotic fossils are found on.....	stromatalites	7
4850075522	Eukaryotic cells	organisms that contain a nucleus	8
4850148322	single subunit "Building Blocks"	monomers	9
4852798914	Monomers are linked together by...	Covalent Bonds	10
4850150704	chains of subunits	polymers	11
4850157965	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)	double-strand helix found in nucleus of cells that contains hereditary material of living organisms	12
4850185601	atom	the smallest unit of matter that has chemical properties because of it having all the subatomic parts	13
4850213892	proton	subatomic particles inside nucleus of an atom that contain a positive charge; # of protons never change	14
4850227765	neutron	subatomic particles inside nucleus of an atom that carry no charge; # of neutrons can change	15
4850235057	electrons	subatomic particles located in the electron cloud around the nucleus and have a negative charge; # of electrons can change	16
4850289596	Kinetic energy	energy of movement; Ex. electrons moving freely	17
4850299803	Potential energy	energy of position; Ex. electrons locked in a chemical bond	18
4850326612	Molecules	2 or more atoms bonded together	19
4850338820	E-levels/ E-shells	where the electrons are located within an atom or molecule	20
4850350584	Adding energy to electrons....	makes them move farther out	21
4850356557	Losing energy from electrons.....	makes them move inward	22
4850359803	Valence shell	where the outer most electrons are located on an atom	23
4850366061	Valence e	Refers to the outer most electrons; most important for chemical bonds and the chemical properties of an element or molecule	24
4850384351	Valence	Refers to the bonding capacity of an atom; depends on # of valence electrons	25
4850458152	Chemical Bonds	attempts to fill the outer most shell to become more stable molecules; 3 types are covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds	26
4850530934	Covalent Bonds	1. The sharing electrons between elements or molecules to fill both outer shells 2. Always creates a molecule(2 or more atoms together of any kind) 3. Strongest type of chemical bond	27
4850567968	Polar molecules	Carry an electrical charge at opposite poles	28
4850594535	Nonpolar molecules	Carry no electrical charge	29
4850606571	Electronegativity	The element's or molecule's desire to acquire or release electrons 1. Oxygen: Most electronegative biological element (wants to aquire e-) 2. Hydrogen: Least electronegative biological element (wants to release e-)	30
4850606572	Structural Formula	Used to show the shape of the molecule	31
4850597631	Molecular Formula (Chemical Formula)	Used to tell the elements, and number of atoms of each, that make up a molecule	32
4850602355	Ionic Bonds	1. Bonds created by donating or accepting electrons so each element can fill it's outer most shell a. DO NOT SHARE ELECTRONS 2. Fairly strong bonds while dry; Weak in water so they dissolve into ions 3. When dissolved in water, ions are created	33
4850698314	Ions	charged particles	34
4855752106	Ions love...	H20	35
4850707486	Cations	Possess a positive charge because it has more protons than neutrons	36
4850710836	Anions	Possess a negative charge because it has more electrons than protons	37
4850737937	Ionic Compounds	A cation bonded to an anion to make a salt when dry	38
4850746021	Hydrogen Bonds	1. Bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom, usually oxygen or nitrogen 2. Fairly weak bonds 3. Most important biological bonds	39
4850794930	Van der Waals Interactions	1. Temporary Bonds - usually a fraction of a second 2. Created when electrons clump on one side of an atom making that side temporarily negative and the other side positive resulting in charged particles that can attach momentarily and then they unclump causing the interaction to disappear from the loss of charge by constanty moving electrons	40
4850838608	How to read a periodic table		41
4850888828	Water Cycle		42
4850912039	Water's Polarity	1. H20's polarity allows for it to make HYDROGEN bonds easily which helps with.... a. nutrient transport b. conducts electricity well c. allows for a single water molecule to bind to 4 other H20 molecules at a time	43
4851003055	How is does H20 and Hydrogen bonding work?	1. 2 negative electrons from Hydrogen "clump" around the oxygen atom as a result of the covalent bonding between HYDROGEN and OXYGEN 2. Therefore, the OXYGEN molecule has more electrons than normal and thus a negative charge and the HYDROGEN end just has a single positive proton 3. Thus, one negative side and one positive side	44
4850913617	Water's 4 Properties	1. Adhesion 2. Cohesion 3. Temperature Regulation 4. Evaporative Cooling	45
4850919820	Cohesion	1. Refers to water molecules binding to other water molecules 2. Made possible due to HYDROGEN BONDS!!!	46
4850921641	Cohesion-Tension Principle	Describes how water moves upward in plants xylem tissues by making water chains	47
4850923091	Adhesion	1. Refers to water molecules binding to something other than water molecules 2. Made possible due to HYDROGEN BONDS!!!	48
4850931079	Evaporative Cooling	1. Effect for plants and animals a. If heat energy is put into water, the water evaporates and carries the heat energy away from the body leaving a cooling organism as the energy leaves.	49
4850952024	Temperature Regulation	1. In organisms and on earth, water keeps temperature stable a. Made possible due to HYDROGEN BONDS!!! b. Lots of energy needed to break all 4 hydrogen bonds at once & turn liquid water to a gas<--- IMPORTANT EFFECT 2. Example: a. Ice cubes & hot drinks: The hot drink molecules lose energy as they try to warm the frozen water molecules resulting in a cool drink	50
4851174021	Humidity	water vapor in the air	51
4851437317	Solvent	Liquid that is doing the dissolving of another substance Ex. Water	52
4851442596	Solute	Substance being dissolved in the solvent Ex. Salt in Water	53
4851459639	Solution	Substance possessing equal distribution of material Ex. Koolaid Tea	54
4851471437	Suspension	Temporary suspension of material Ex. Blood Italian dressing. herbs in a bottle	55
4851481506	Colloid	Extended temporary suspension of material Ex. Milk	56
4851492157	Hydrogen bonds make.....	Solvents, solute, solution, suspension, and colloid possible	57
4851501875	Hydration shell	Water surrounding a molecule; substance is dissolved and "disappears"	58
4851520059	Water can't grab hold and dissolve....	Oils, grease, and fat since they are nonpolar	59
4851527324	Hydrophobic	Water fearing; water can't attach to the substance because the substance is non-polar	60
4851654541	Hydrophilic	Water loving; water can attach to the substance because the substance is polar	61
4851664551	Mole	The measurement of molecules that is relative to its molecular weight	62
4851667430	Avogradro's #	6.02 x 10^23 # of molecules of that particular substance present in 1 mole	63
4851690320	1 mole is equal to...	Using the Periodic Table, find the molecular weight of a molecule and then weigh out that many grams of the substance	64
4851721684	Molarity	Term for telling how many moles of a substance are dissolved in a solution (Usually H2O)	65
4851740077	Dissociation	The breaking apart of water into H+(Proton) and an OH-(hydroxide ion)	66
4851774595	pH Scale	Meausures how acidic or basic a substance is 1. Goes from 0 to 14 2. 7 is neutral	67
4851759343	Acid	1. A substance that gives away H+ 2. On the pH any substance <7	68
4851759344	Base	1. A substance that gives away OH- 2. On the pH any substance >7	69
4851824168	Buffer	A substance that can resist changes in pH or pOH a. It can take on or give off a H+ or OH- to maintain the pH or pOH concentration	70
4851844870	Ex. of a Buffer	Human Blood; buffer is bicarbonate( HCO3-) 1. Bicarbonate helps keep blood at a pH of 7.4 ideally 2. Needed because of the food, drink, air, or other substances we put in our bodies 3. pH of blood affects oxygen's ability to adhere to red blood cells	71
4851867409	Acidosis	Deadly condition where blood pH is below 7.2	72
4851883651	Alkalosis	Deadly condition where blood pH is above 7.6	73
4851887389	"sis"	the condition of being	74
4851898263	Acid Prepitation	Refers to rain, snow, sleet, ice, or fog with a low pH ( less than 5.6)	75
4851939878	Leaching	Refers to the rain pushing nutrients away from plant roots to deeper in the soil resulting in the plant to starve and the rain burns the plants leaves	76
4851970636	Biomass	An organism's dry weight	77
4852284584	Organic chemistry	Branch of science dealing with the element carbon and its many properties	78
4852398910	About 30% of an organism's biomass is...	Carbon in organic molecules	79
4852417677	The original source for Carbon in all life forms is...	Carbon Dioxide (CO2) & Photosynthesis	80
4852424684	Plants emit both...	Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide	81
4852447231	Stanley Miller Experiment	- In 1953, he took inorganic substances found in Earth's early atmosphere (H2O vapor, H2, NH3, & CH4) and created organic amino acids and oils 1. There are 20 amino acids that are used to make proteins in living organisms 2. Early Earth? (He anaylzed volcanic gases to determine what the air must have been like) 3. Energy source to power the chemical reactions? (Electricity replaces lightning)	82
4852500294	Carbon has versatility in 4 directions b/c of...	Tetravalence which allows carbon to act like an intersection in the building of an organic molecule; this allows cells to build an almost infinite # of different molecules	83
4852556049	Covalent Bonding Capabilities of Carbon include....	Single Bond, Double Bond, & Triple Bond	84
4852562634	Hydrocarbons	Molecules including mostly Carbon and Hydrogen a. Energy sources (Fossil fuels & Oils) -The more hydrogen atoms, the more energy b. Important parts in cell membranes -Ex. Tails of phospholipids c. Extremely hydrophobic due to being nonpolar	85
4852594684	The Functional Groups Associated w/ Organic Molecules	the sites of most organic molecules chemical reactions or properties	86
4852611306	The 6 Functional Groups	Hydroxyls, Carbonyls, Carboxyls, Amine, Sulfhydryls, Phosphate	87
4852624782	Hydroxyl	(-OH) Allows molecules to act as an alcohol or polar molecule	88
4852629158	Carbonyl	-Only has one double bonded oxygen -Aldehydes & Ketones	89
4852630811	Carboxyl	-Has 2 oxygens (one double bonded & one singled bonded) -These molecules can act as an acid by losing a Hydrogen atom and can also possibly polar too	90
4852630812	Amine	-Contains Nitrogen -Can act as bases by picking up free H+	91
4852632967	Sulfhydryl	-Contains Sulfur -Sulfur can make Di-Sulfide bridges for "pockets" in protein formation	92
4852632968	Phosphate	(PO43-) molecules are usually involved in energy transfer; can also act as an anion	93
4852707076	Chloroflourocarbon	-nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine -used in the manufacture of aerosol sprays, blowing agents for foams and packing materials, as solvents, and as refrigerants -harmful to ozone layer and release of chlorine atoms upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation	94
4852728642	Life is only possible b/c of....	CARBON	95
4852741982	Lewis Dot Structure	-need 8 electrons in the outer shell (octet rule) -atoms that complete their octet will be "happy"	96
4852752446	The Key to Life	Making and breaking bonds	97
4852782053	Macromolecules	large molecules	98
4852784344	Macromolecules are formed by...	dehydration & condensation reactions	99
4855762435	What helps make the organic molecules?	CARBON	100
4855864695	What are the ingredients for life and the essentials for energy storage called?	Biological Molecules	101
4855879042	Carbohydrates	Sugars	102
4855888803	Monosaccharides	Monomers of carbohydrates	103
4855894548	Polysaccharides	Polymers of carbohydrates	104
4855898151	Disaccharides	Two monosaccharides	105
4855912918	Examples of Carbohydrates	Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose	106
4855917661	Primary short term energy sources for cells	Carbohydrates	107
4855921284	Starch	Energy storage in plants	108
4855927803	Glycogen	Energy storage in animals	109
4855930063	Cellulose	1. Structural component of cell plant walls 2. Most abundant organic compound on Earth	110
4855949987	Chitin	Found in exoskeleton of insects and some animals and some Fungi cell walls	111
4855960421	Lipids	Macromolecules that are fats, oils, waxes, and steriods	112
4855974809	Most lipids are....	Hydrophobic	113
4855979608	Lipids are mainly composed of...	Hydrocarbons	114