AP Psychology: Social Psychology Flashcards

7771579285	Aggression	physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.	0
7771579286	Aggression/Biochemical Influences	Animals with diminished amounts of testosterone become docile (tame), and if injected with testosterone aggression increases.	1
7771579288	Aggression/Neural Influences	Some centers in the brain, especially the limbic system (amygdala) and the frontal lobe, are intimately involved with aggression.	2
7771579289	Altruism	unselfish regard for the welfare of others.	3
7771579290	Approach-Approach Conflict	Conflict when a choice must be made between two desirable alternatives; Win-Win	4
7771579291	Approach-Avoidance Conflict	Conflict when a goal is both desirable and undesirable; Win-lose	5
7771579292	Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict	Conflict when a choice must be made between two undesirable alternatives; Lose-Lose	6
7771579293	Asch Line Experiment	experiment designed to test how peer pressure to conform would influence the judgment and individuality of a test subject; found people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group.	7
7771579294	Attitude	feelings, often influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.	8
7771579296	Attraction	the natural feeling of being drawn to other individuals and desiring their company. This is usually (but not necessarily) due to having a personal liking for them.	9
7771579297	Factors of Attraction	1. Proximity; 2. Physical Attractiveness; 3. Similarity	10
7771579298	Attribution Theory	the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition (who they are/personality).	11
7771579300	Bystander Effect	the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid/help in a situation if other people are present.	12
7771579301	Central Route Persuasion	involves reasoning and logical arguments to convince/persuade people	13
7771579302	Chameleon Effect	Strange phenomenon in which we tend to unconsciously mimic the speech pattern, tone of voice, behavior and mood of others	14
7771579303	Cognitive Dissonance	the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when our thoughts (cognitions) and behaviors (actions) are inconsistent/don't match. Must either change behavior or thought to line up to reduce discomfort.	15
7771579304	Companionate Love	the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.	16
7771579305	Compliance	Conforming to a request or demand	17
7771579306	Conflict	a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.	18
7771579307	Conformity	adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.	19
7771579308	Culture	the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next	20
7771579309	Deindividuation	the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.	21
7771579310	Diffusion of Responsibility	reduction in feelings of personal burden or responsibility in the presence of a group	22
7771579311	Discrimination	(Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.	23
7771579312	Dispositional Attribution	people infer that an event or a person's behavior is due to personal factors such as traits, abilities, personality or feelings	24
7771579313	Door-in-the-face Phenomenon	Tendency for people who have first refused a large request to comply later with a smaller request.	25
7771579315	Ethnocentricism	evaluation of other cultures according to the standards and customs of one's own culture	26
7771579316	Mirror Image Perceptions	People in conflict form similarly diabolical images of one another; See the worse in them and they see the worse in us.	27
7771579317	Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon	the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.	28
7771579318	Frustration-Aggression Principle	the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.	29
7771579319	Fundamental Attribution Error	the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.	30
7771579320	Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT)	a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.	31
7771579321	Group Polarization	the tendency for a person to change their uncommitted opinion to an extreme opinion about something as a result of group discussion	32
7771579322	Groupthink	the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives; group members censor themselves and a strong leader emerges	33
7771579323	Hindsight Bias	After learning an outcome, the tendency to believe that we could have predicted it beforehand; "I knew it all along" phenomenon.	34
7771579325	Informational Social Influence	influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality because they believe others know more than they do	35
7771579326	Ingroup Bias	the tendency to favor our own group.	36
7771579327	Ingroup	"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.	37
7771579328	Just-World Phenomenon	the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.	38
7771579329	Kitty Genovese	brutally murdered while dozens of New Yorkers watched from their apartments but failed to help; led to concept of bystander effect	39
7771579330	Mere Exposure Effect	the phenomenon that repeated exposure to stimuli increases liking of them.	40
7771579331	Milgram Experiment	a psychologist at Yale University, conducted an experiment focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority	41
7771579332	Mirror-Image Perceptions	mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.	42
7771579333	Norm	an understood rule for accepted and expected, "proper" behavior.	43
7771579334	Normative Social Influence	influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.	44
7771579335	Other-Race Effect	the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races.	45
7771579336	Outgroup	"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.	46
7771579337	Passionate Love	an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.	47
7771579338	Peripheral Route Persuasion	influences people by way of incidental cues, like a speaker's physical attractiveness or personal reliability.	48
7771579340	Philip Zimbardo	Social Psychologist that conducted Stanford Prison Experiment	49
7771579342	Prejudice	an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.	50
7771579343	Proximity	Geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship & liking.	51
7771579344	Reciprocity Norm	an expectation that people will help those who have helped them.	52
7771579345	Role	a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.	53
7771579346	Scapegoat Theory	the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.	54
7771579347	Self-Disclosure	revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.	55
7771579348	Self-Fulfilling Prophecy	a belief that leads to its own fulfillment	56
7771579349	Similarity	Similar views among individuals causes the bond of attraction to strengthen; Doesn't mean you are EXACTLY the SAME, but SIMILAR in the BIG ways...	57
7771579350	Situational Attribution	people infer that a person's behavior is due to situational factors.	58
7771579351	Social Exchange Theory	the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.	59
7771579352	Social Facilitation	stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.	60
7771579353	Social Loafing	the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable or doing something alone.	61
7771579354	Social Psychology	the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.	62
7771579355	Social Script	Unspoken "rules" on how to act in various social contexts; when confronted with new social situations, we rely on these to understand what to do.	63
7771579356	Social Thinking	involves thinking about others, especially when they engage in doing things that are unexpected.	64
7771579357	Social Trap	a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.	65
7771579358	Social-Responsibility Norm	an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.	66
7771579359	Stanford Prison Experiment	Study that investigated how readily people would conform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a role-playing exercise that simulated prison life; realized Power of the Situation	67
7771579360	Stereotype	a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.	68
7771579361	Superordinate Goals	shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation	69
7771579362	The Robbers Cave Experiment	Muzafer Sherif, Social Psychology experiment,focused heavily on the concept of a 'group' and what a perception of belonging to a group can actually do to the relationships of members within it and their relationships with people outside their group; also tried to observe conflicts or 'friction' between two groups and the process of cooperation or 'integration' of two previously conflicting groups.	70