Learning - AP Psych Flashcards

5563424084	habituation	Def: learning not to respond to a stimulus Example: no longer noticing the loud train horn in your neighborhood	0
5563439270	mere exposure effect	Def: preferring something simply because you've already been exposed to it Example: choosing Herbal Essence shampoo because you recognize it from a commercial	1
5563452884	behavioral learning	Def: a category of learning that includes classical and operant conditioning and is referred to in terms of stimulus and response Example: Learning to walk, speak, or do math would all be types of behavioral learning	2
5563475558	classical conditioning	Def: when a reflex becomes associated with a neutral stimulus and then takes on the ability to elicit the same response Example: Pavlov pairing a tone with salivation and the dog learning to associate a tone with food	3
5563497389	neutral stimulus	Def: any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning Example: a color, a noise, a fabric	4
5563511971	unconditioned stimulus (UCS)	Def: the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response Example: food	5
5563516631	unconditioned response (UCR)	Def: the response elicited by an UCS without prior learning Example: salivating	6
5563523850	conditioned stimulus (CS)	Def: previously the neutral stimulus; once it's paired with the UCS, it becomes the CS Example: a color, a noise, a fabric	7
5563542376	conditioned response (CR)	Def: the response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus and is now associated with the CS Example: salivating	8
5563559057	acquisition	Def: the initial learning stage in which the organism displays the CR when exposed to the CS Example: salivating occurs when the tone is presented, after it's been paired with food	9
5563568402	extinction	Def: the weakening of the CR when the UCS is removed Example: Presenting just the tone without the food over a period of time will weaken the salivating response	10
5563601182	spontaneous recovery	Def: the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay Example: once the tone no longer produces salivation, you can wait a period of time and then reintroduce the tone. Chances are, salivation will reoccur	11
5563639082	Ivan Pavlov	the scientist who discovered classical conditioning; did the famous experiments with dogs, food, a tone, and salivation	12
5563653293	stimulus generalization	Def: the extension of a learned response to a similar stimulus Example: If the pitch of the bell at school changed but still sounded close enough to the original, it would produce the same response of everybody packing up to leave.	13
5563666717	stimulus discrimination	Def: not producing the same response to a stimulus that is similar Example: If the sound of the bell at school quite a bit longer or shorter than normal, it probably wouldn't produce the same packing up behavior. Instead, students would look at each other and wonder what's going on.	14
5563685853	experimental neurosis	Def: a pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a learning task that it too difficult, usually one that involves aversive or painful stimuli Example: When Pavlov's dogs couldn't tell the difference between a circle and an ellipse, they were shocked. That difficult learning task and those shocks led the dogs to snap and bite their handlers.	15
5563710252	Little Albert	a case study of a little boy who was conditioned by John Watson to be afraid of furry objects; this case has recently been called into question	16
5563734074	taste-aversion learning	Def: a biological tendency for an organism to learn, after one experience, to avoid a food if eating is followed by illness Example: I threw up once after eating cottage cheese, so now it makes me nauseous just thinking about it, and I won't ever eat it again.	17
5563763174	operant conditioning	Def: the likelihood of a response happening again depends on the consequences (rewards or punishments) of the behavior Example: learning to obey curfew to avoid having the car taken away	18
5563784153	law of effect	Def: the idea that behavior that produced rewards would be learned by the organism; first proposed by Edward Thorndike Example: a hungry animal would work to solve a problem in order to obtain a food reward	19
5563798437	B.F. Skinner	American psychologist who popularized the concept of operant conditioning; used an operant chamber or Skinner box to give animals reinforcers or punishment based on their behavior	20
5654081296	reinforcer	Def: a condition that occurs after a response and strengthens that response Example: a kid whines until he gets candy, so he's more likely to whine the next time to get candy again	21
5563815140	positive reinforcement	Def: something presented after a response to increase the likelihood of that response Example: Giving a dog a treat for sitting will increase the likelihood it will sit again.	22
5563825337	negative reinforcement	Def: the removal of an unpleasant stimulus Example: Using an umbrella removes wetness; therefore, umbrella using behavior is likely to happen again Special note: this is not the same as punishment; don't let the word negative make you think it's bad. Think of negative as in math terms - something unpleasant is being taken away.	23
5654070336	operant chamber	Def: an apparatus that can be programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers based on an animal's behavior; also called a Skinner box	24
5654118067	continuous reinforcement	Def: a type of reinforcement schedule by which all correct responses are reinforced Example: Make sure your dog gets a food treat each and every time it sits. Use this method when teaching a new trick or concept, so the organism gets consistent feedback that it's doing the behavior correctly	25
5654132112	intermittent reinforcement	Def: a type of reinforcement schedule by which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced; also called partial reinforcement Example: After your dog learns to sit by command, you might only give it a food treat every once in awhile; it no longer needs constant reinforcement	26