AP Government: Civil Rights Flashcards

5208284065	Civil Rights	-Government action to create equal conditions -Right of a minority group to be free from discrimination by the majority -Equal treatment of minorities by states guaranteed by Equal Protection Clause of Fourteenth Amendment and, at the federal level, by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment	0
5208284066	Equal Protection Clause	-Contained in Fourteenth Amendment -Declares that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" -Protects minorities from discrimination by state governments	1
5208284067	Civil Rights Act of 1964	-Landmark legislation that banned racial segregation in schools, public transportation, public facilities and employment—ended Jim Crow -Based on the federal government's power to control interstate commerce	2
5208284068	Voting Rights Act of 1965	-Landmark legislation that outlawed discriminatory voting practices responsible for widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the South -Ended literacy tests	3
5208284069	Affirmative Action	-Policy designed to correct effects of past racial or gender discrimination by giving certain preferences in education or employment to these groups -Courts are increasingly limiting the use of racial preferences	4
5208284070	Imminent action	Considered "unprotected speech" if a person's speech incites others to take violent action. Involved in the case of Brandenburg vs. Ohio	5
5208284071	Clear and present danger	Interpretation by Justice Oliver Wendell Homes regarding limits on free speech if it presents a danger to the public or leads to illegal actions; for example, one cannot shout "Fire!" in a crowded theater.	6
5208284072	Selective Incorporation	The case-by-case process by which liberties listed in the Bill of Rights have been applied to the states using the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.	7
5208284073	Miranda Rights	Statements required of police that inform a suspect of his or her constitutional rights protected by the fifth amendment, including the right to an attorney provided by the court if the suspect cannot afford one	8
5208284074	Good-faith exception	Courts recognize that minor mistakes may occur while gathering evidence, but that the evidence may still be used in the trial.	9
5208284075	Original Intent	A view that the Constitution should be interpreted according to the Framers' ideas - conservatives often support this perspective	10
5208284076	Living Constitution	Assumes that the Constitution was meant to be a dynamic document whose meaning has to account for contemporary social and political context.	11
5208284077	Suspect Classification	Strict scrutiny: tendency to strike down as unconstitutional any legislation that singles out race or ethnicity, unless the government has a compelling interest in such legislation	12
5208304521	Strict Scrutiny	Supreme Court rule that classification by race and ethnic background is inherently suspect and must be justified by a "compelling public interest"	13
5208317847	Brown v. Board of Education	Supreme Court decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson; ended legal segregation, saying school segregation is unconstitution	14
5208322868	Plessy v. Ferguson	Supreme Court case that upheld separate-but-equal segregation in 1896	15