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AP Review - Part 1 Flashcards

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8264609794limited governmentone that is subject to strict restrictions on its lawful uses of power, specifically its ability to deprive citizens of liberty (1215: Magna Carta curbs the power of King John)0
8264609795consent of the governeda regime's power and legitimacy come from the approval (usually by voting) of its citizens (aka: self-government)1
8264609796social contractLocke's idea that individuals willingly submit to the authority of a government for protection, but they DO NOT give up their natural rights2
8264609797natural rightslife, liberty, property - are not lost in the social contract, and if a government does not respect them, it should be overthrown (aka: inalienable)3
8264609798tyranny/despotismcruel and oppressive rule that is not responsive to the people (aka: authoritarianism)4
8264609799Articles of Confederationthe first constitution of the United States, created a weak central government - gave each state 1 vote in the legislature, with no executive or judicial branch5
8264609800Virginia Plancalled for a two-house legislature with proportional representation (number of representatives based on state population)6
8264609801New Jersey Plancalled for one-house legislature with equal representation (1 vote for each state)7
82646098029/13the number of states needed to ratify the new Constitution (also the number needed to pass laws under the Articles government)8
8264609803ratifyto formally approve (like the Constitution or an amendment)9
8264609804collect taxes and regulate interstate commercetwo crucial things the Articles government was unable to do10
8264609807indirect democracyrule by the people through their elected officials who make decisions on their behalf, the Founders' protection against "mob rule" (aka: representative, republic)11
8264609808French and Indian Wardebt incurred during this prompted the British to impose heavy taxes on colonists, violating their established norm of self-government12
8264609809constitutionthe fundamental law that that spells out and defines the legitimate powers of a government and how it will operate (selection of leaders, institutions, procedures)13
8264609810Anti-Federaliststhose who feared tyranny from a strong national gov't and opposed ratification of the constitution14
8264609811Senateoriginally INDIRECTLY elected - chosen by state legislatures for longer term (6 years) - intended to act as trustees (deciding for themselves) - equal representation (2 per state)15
8264609812House of Representativesthe only institution DIRECTLY ELECTED by citizens (in the original constitution), shorter 2 year term - more responsive to people and act as delegates (doing what voters want) - # proportional based on state population16
8264609813tax/revenue-raising billsthe House had to initiate all [ ] because they were the only group directly elected by the people17
8264609814trustee modelthe idea that representatives will follow their own consciences and do what is best for the public interest, not just what their constituents want (the Senate)18
8264609815delegate modelthe idea that representatives should be obligated to carry out the opinions/will of their constituents (the House of Representatives)19
8264609816tyranny of the majorityfear that, in a democracy, an irrational people's (possibly poor) mob will trample on the (property, personal, civil) rights of the (possibly rich) minority20
8264609817democracya government (whether direct or representative) where the will of the majority is absolute (even if it tyrannizes the minority)21
8264609818republica government with carefully designed to protect individual LIBERTY through strong INSTITUTIONS and INTENTIONALLY SLOW, deliberative processes that are responsive to the majority but not captive to it22
8264609819constituentsthose living in a representative's district23
8264609820state legislaturesappointed Senators until the 17th amendment made them directly elected24
826460982117th amendmentchanged method of choosing senators from appointment by state legislature to direct popular vote25
8264609822Electoral Collegepart of the Great Compromise - made presidential election indirect - an intermediate step between the people and the executive26
8264609823increased democratizationthe trend over time, through constitutional amendments that enlarged the electorate (eligible voters)27
8264609824Andrew Jacksonencouraged states to tie electoral votes to the state's popular vote (to better reflect the people's desires)28
8264609825Progressivesearly 1900s group that called for 1) representatives as delegates, 2) greater popular participation (initiatives, referendums, recalls), and 3) primary elections and direct election of Senators29
8264609826Millionaires' Clubwhat the Senate was called (before the 17th amendment) because it was perceived to be full of agents of big business and bribed by corporations30
8264609827primary electionsProgressives encouraged the use of popular [ ] to choose party candidates, rather than letting party bosses choose31
8264609828initiativestate-level direct democracy where individual citizens can place prospective laws directly on the ballot (without the legislature)32
8264609829recall electionallows citizens to use a petition to force an officeholder to stand for reelection before his or her term has ended33
8264609830separation of powersdividing federal powers between three co-equal branches so that no one can gain too much power34
8264609832advice and consentthe process by which the Senate approves or rejects the President's appointments and negotiated treaties35
8264609834unicameralthe Articles legislature (its only branch) had equal representation in a(n) [ ] body36
8264609835Great Compromisebalanced the desires of large and small states by creating a bicameral congress37
8264609836equalrepresentation in the Senate is [ ] - 2 per state38
8264609837proportionalrepresentation in the House of Representatives is [ ] based on population, with a total of 43539
8264609838judicial reviewthe ability of federal courts to rule on the constitutionality of laws or executive actions40
8264609839Marbury v. Madisonearly case that established courts' power of judicial review41
8264609840divided governmentwhen one party controls the executive but one or both houses of the legislature are controlled by the other party (often makes lawmaking difficult and lead to gridlock)42
8264609841unitary systema system in which the national gov't alone has sovereign authority - member state powers are weak or nonexistent (ex: all other nations in 1787)43
8264609842federalismdivision of power and authority between NATIONAL and STATE governments44
8264609843confederacya league of sovereign states choosing to join together, creating a very limited central gov't45
8264609844No Child Left Behinda federal law that mandated standardized testing and accountability in return for continued federal aid for education46
8264609845sovereigntysupreme (ultimate) authority to govern within an area47
8264609847enumerated powersthose expressly given to the federal gov't by the Constitution (hence the other name EXPRESSED powers), they are also expressly FORBIDDEN to the states48
8264609848delegated powersthe other name for enumerated/expressed powers - explicitly given to the federal gov't by the Constitution49
8264609849supremacy clausenational law trumps state law (as long as the national gov't is acting within its constitutional limits) - Article VI50
8264609850implied powersthose not directly listed for the federal gov't in the Constitution but suggested by the necessary and proper clause51
8264609851necessary and proper clauseaka the "elastic clause" - allows Congress to exercise other powers in performing its enumerated duties --> origin of the IMPLIED POWERS52
8264609852reservedany power not specifically given to the national gov't is theoretically [ ] to the states by the 10th amendment53
826460985310th Amendmentreserves all powers not delegated to the federal gov't to the states54
8264609854nationalizationthe long-term process or trend towards stronger federal power55
8264609855McCulloch v. Marylandwhen a state tried to tax a branch of the national bank (which many believed was unconstitutional because it was not specifically mentioned as a power in the Constitution), SC ruled in favor of federal gov't: that this power was implied and states can't tax federal entities56
8264609856Gibbons v. OgdenNY granted a monopoly on ferry operation to one of its residents, Supreme Court ruled it violated federal control of interstate commerce and struck down state law57
8264609857Marshall Courtdramatically increased the power of the federal gov't through legal justification of the supremacy, elastic, and commerce clauses58
8264609858nullificationpre-Civil War Southern belief that the states had the constitutional right to refuse to follow national laws or rulings that contradicted their own interests (what they tried to do to the tariff)59
8264609859dual federalismearly system of precise division of sovereignty between national and state authorities (they do this, we do this), barrier to protecting rights of former slaves and regulating uncontrolled business interests (layer cake)60
826460986014th Amendmentintended to protect freed slaves, but used instead to prevent "any state" from regulating business (depriving corporation-people of their rights)61
8264609861Plessy v. FergusonSupreme Court condoned state discrimination (separation) of AAs as long as it was "equal"62
8264609862laissez-faire capitalismprinciple that business should be "allowed to act" without interference - led to little national gov't regulation of business63
8264609863Hammer v. Dagenhartfederal law tried to prohibit interstate shipping of goods produced by child labor, Supreme Court said that manufacturing was done in one state and therefore only subject to state regulation64
8264609864Great Depressionstates were penniless and unable to help the unemployed, so they were forced by necessity to accept the New Deal and expanded federal assistance (and regulation)65
8264609865National Labor Relations Actfederal law that successfully guaranteed employees' right to organize and collective bargain (unions)66
8264609866Great SocietyPres. Lyndon Johnson's plan to end poverty and racial discrimination --> created large number of social welfare programs and used federal funds to coerce states to accept them67
8264609867cooperative federalismall levels (national, state, local) work together to solve policy problems (aka: picket fence, marble cake)68
8264609868fiscal federalismspending federal funds on programs coordinated by the states and local gov'ts (used to coerce states into accepting certain federal policy goals)69
8264609869grants-in-aidcash payments from federal gov't to the states (several forms)70
8264609870categorical grantsmore restrictive - can be used only for a specific designated activity (ex: school lunch program)71
8264609871block grantsless restrictive - must be applied to a general area - such as health or education - but specifics are left up to states (example of devolution)72
8264609872devolution1970-80s trend of returning authority from the national to state and local gov'ts (aka Republicans' "new federalism")73
8264609873Republicansadvocated devolution as a response to what they saw as too much expansion of federal gov't during LBJ's Great Society anti-poverty programs74
8264609874unfunded mandatesunpopular federal programs that force states to do things (e.g. disability accommodations, standardized testing) but do not provide sufficient funding to pay for it - Republicans passed a law limiting these75
8264609875United States v. LopezSC struck down a federal law prohibiting guns near schools as having "nothing to do with commerce" and therefore not the federal gov'ts jurisdiction76
82646098762009 economic stimulus billexpanded federal policy influence by providing funds to states and localities who were struggling because of decreased tax revenues after the banking crash77
8264609877commerce clauseallowed government to regulate how states interacted with each other (to prevent little trade wars) - interpreted broadly at first, then strictly in cases like US v. Lopez78
8264609878tax and spendthis clause allows the government to [ ] for 2 purposes: 1) national security and 2) general welfare79
8264609879responsiveBrutus I believed a smaller country (states as little republics) would be more [ ] to the people and therefore easier to control and protect against80
8264609880factionsMadison's fear - rival groups that battle for power (not the public good) and seek to deprive each other of rights, destabilizing government81
8264609881larger republicMadison advocated a [ ], which would decrease the chances that a faction would be able to seize power.82
8264609882ambitionMadison argued that, in addition to government structures, human [ ] would encourage individuals in each branch to keep the other in check.83
8264609883concurrent powersthings that both the national and state governments can do (e.g. levy taxes, borrow money, regulate elections, establish courts, charter banks, enforce law and order)84
8264609884police powersthe STATES' authority to regulate behavior and maintain order by promoting health, safety, morals (like who can marry), and welfare (Federal gov't, stay out!)85
8264609885Court-Packing PlanAfter Supreme Court struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act, FDR used the [ ] to push it through86
8264609886smaller republicBrutus I (and Montesquieu) believed a [ ] would be more responsive to the people (and therefore less likely to take away their rights).87
8264609887Welfare Reform ActDevolution-era legislation that gave the states greater discretion in how to use welfare block grants - decreased eligibility and benefits88
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