AP Comparative Government Mexico Flashcards

Providence High School

6439262525	Mestizo	A person of mixed white, indigenous (Amerindian), and sometimes African descent.	0
6439262526	Amerindian	Original peoples of North and South America; indigenous people.	1
6439262527	Indigenous Groups	Population of Amerindian heritage in Mexico.	2
6439262528	Maquiladoras	Factories that produce goods for export, often located along the US-Mexican border.	3
6439262529	Coup D'etat	A forceful, extra-constitutional action resulting in the removal of an existing government.	4
6439262530	Anticlericalism	Opposition to the power of churches or clergy in politics. In some countries, for example, France and Mexico, this opposition has focused on the role of the Catholic Church in politics.	5
6439262531	Ejidos	Land granted by Mexican government to an organized group of peasants.	6
6439262532	Ejidatarios	Recipient of ejido land grant in Mexico.	7
6439262533	Sexenio	The six-year administration of Mexican presidents.	8
6439262534	Clientelism	An informal aspect of policymaking in which a powerful patron (for example, a traditional local boss, government agency, or dominant party) offers resources such as land, contracts, protection, or jobs in return for the support and services (such as labor or votes) of lower-status and less powerful clients; corruption, preferential treatment, and inequality are characteristic of clientelist politics.	9
6439262535	North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)	A treaty among the US, Mexico, and Canada implemented on January 1, 1994, that largely eliminates trade barriers among the three nations and establishes procedures to resolve trade disputes. NAFTA serves as a model for an eventual Free Trade Area of the Americas zone that could include most Western Hemisphere nations.	10
6439262536	Corporatist State	A state in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the structure.	11
6439262537	Civil Society	Refers to the space occupied by voluntary associations outside the state, for example, professional associations (lawyers, doctors, teacher), trade unions, student and women's groups, religious bodies, and other voluntary association groups. The term is similar to society, although civil society implies a degree of organization absent from the more inclusive term society.	12
6439262538	State Capitalism	A political system in which the state requires all members of a particular economic sector to join an officially designated interest group. Such interest groups thus attain public status, and they participate in national policymaking. The result is that the state has great control over the groups, and groups have great control over their members.	13
6439262539	Import Substituting Industrialization (ISI)	Strategy for industrialization based on domestic manufacture of previously imported goods to satisfy domestic market demands.	14
6439262540	Informal Sector	That portion of the economy largely outside government control in which local traditional rulers and political structures were used to help support the colonial governing structure.	15
6439262541	Proportional Representation	A system of political representation in which seats are allocated to parties within multi-member constituencies, roughly in proportion to the votes each party receives. PR usually encourages the election to parliament of more political parties than single-member-district winner-take-all systems.	16
6439262542	Technocrats	Career-minded bureaucrats who administer public policy according to a technical rather than political rationale. In Mexico and Brazil, these are known as the tecnicos.	17
6439262543	Para-Statal	State-owned, or at least state-controlled, corporations, created to undertake a broad range of activities, from control and marketing of agricultural production to provision of banking services, operation of airlines, and other transportation facilities and public utilities.	18
6439262544	Accommodation	An informal agreement or settlement between the government and important interest groups in response to the interest groups' concerns for policy or program benefits.	19
6439262545	Co-Optation	Incorporating activists into the system while accommodating some of their concerns.	20
6439262546	Felipe Calderon	Mexico's current president. Elected in 2006.	21
6439262547	Camarillas	Vast informal networks of personal royalty that operates as powerful political cliques.	22
6439262548	Chamber of Deputies, Senate	The lower house of Mexico's legislature.	23
6439262549	Cuauhtemoc Cardenas	The Aztec military leader defeated by the Spanish conquerors.	24
6439262550	Lazaro Cardenas	President of Mexico from 1935-1940. Responsible for redistribution of land, primarily to create edijos, or communal farms. Began program of primary and rural education.	25
6439262551	Caudillos	National military strongmen. Dominated Mexican politics in the 19th and early 20th centuries.	26
6439262552	Chiapas Rebellion	Southern Mexican state which had large groups of Native Americans, where rebels took up arms and challenged the government, demanding land reform.	27
6439262553	Neo-Corporatism	A structure in which business, labor, and state engage in bargaining over economic policies.	28
6439262554	Cristeros Rebellion	Priests around the country led a rebellion int he 1920s against new laws against the rights of churches and priests. One of the bloodiest conflicts in Mexican history.	29
6439262555	Dependency	A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploration of poor nations by rich ones.	30
6439262556	Porfirio Diaz	A Mexican dictator who ruled from 1876 to 1910. Disposed by the Mexican Revolution.	31
6439262557	Election Reform	Campaign finance restrictions. Laws that limit contributions to campaigns. Critical media coverage, as media is less under PRI control. International watch teams, as Mexico has tried to convince other countries that elections are fair and competitive. Election monitoring by opposition party members.	32
6439262558	EZLN	Zapatista Army of National Liberation. A largely Mayan group that staged an uprising in 1994. Demanded political reform and greater rights for Mexico's indigenous people.	33
6439262559	Father Hidalgo	...	34
6439262560	Federal Election Commission	An independent regulatory body to safeguard honest and accurate election results.	35
6439262561	Vicente Fox	Mexico's president since 2000. The first non-PRI president in over seven decades.	36
6439262562	GATT	General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. International trade organization that encourages free trade by lowering tariffs and other trade restrictions.	37
6439262563	GNP per capita	Gross National Product. The sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year.	38
6439262564	HDI	Indicator of level of development for each country. Constructed by the United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.	39
6439262565	IFE	Organizing elections of the president and the Congress of the Union. Registering voters and parties. Giving all parties access to the media. Setting the ceiling for campaign expenditures. Allocating public funds fr campaigns. Recruiting and training citizens to run polling places. Confirming the electoral results.	40
6439262566	Import Substitution	A government policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic production of manufactured goods.	41
6439262567	Benito Juarez	Mexican national hero. President from 1961-1867. Brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico.	42
6439262568	"Mexican Miracle"	Described a country with a rapidly increasing GNP in orderly transition from an authoritarian to a democratic government.	43
6439262569	Neoliberalism	A political orientation origination in the 1960s. A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.	44
6439262570	Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador	AMLO. El Peje. Mexican politician who held the position of Head of Government of the Federal District from 2000 to 2005. In the 2006 election, he represented the Coalition for the Good of All.	45
6439262571	Para-Statals	Industry partially owned by the state.	46
6439262572	Patron-Client System	Powerful government officials deliver state servicing policies and access to power in exchange for the delivery of political support.	47
6439262573	PEMEX	Mexico's powerful state-owned oil monopoly.	48
6439262574	Pendulum Theory	Back and forth effect between socialist reform and free-market economic development. Swings in politics between left and right.	49
6439262575	Plurality	The theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government. Outcome of this competition is compromise and moderation.	50
6439262576	Systems	...	51
6439262577	Politicos	Expertise lies in the party, law, and political science. Old style politicians in Mexico. Tell you what you want to hear. PRI.	52
6439262578	Porfiriato	Period of rule by Porfirio Diaz. Rich getting richer. Poor getting poorer. Influences of the Porfiriato are: stability, authoritarianism, foreign investment and economic growth, and growing gap between the rich and the poor.	53
6439262579	PAN	National Action Party. A conservative Catholic Mexican political party that until 2000 was the main opposition to the PRI.	54
6439262580	PPP	Purchasing Power Parity. Evens exchange rates between currencies. Compares goods to other countries' goods.	55
6439262581	PRD	Party of the Democratic Revolution. Mexico's main left-of-center opposition party.	56
6439262582	PRI	Intended to stabilize political power in the hands of its leaders. Served as an important source of government legitimacy until other political parties successfully challenged its monopoly during the late 20th century.	57
6439262583	Santa Anna	Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war.	58
6439262584	Pancho Villa	A Northern Mexican peasant leader of the Revolution who, together with Emiliano Zapata, advocated a more radical socio-economic agenda.	59
6439262585	WTO	The World Trade Organization. An international body that enforces agreements that reduce barriers to international trade. Successor to the GATT.	60
6439262586	Zapatistas	Guerilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico's Southern state of Chiapas. Government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation.	61