AP Biochemistry Flashcards

5024321190	atom	the smallest particle of an element that still has the characteristics of that element	0
5024323529	element	a substance that is composed of only one type of atom	1
5024323530	isotope	an atom of an element that contains a different number of neutrons than denoted in the periodic table	2
5024326579	compound	atoms of two or more different types of elements that are chemically bonded together	3
5024326580	molecule	two or more atoms that are covalently bonded together	4
5024330319	ionic bond	one atom donates electrons which the other accepts, causing opposite charges that attract	5
5024547527	polar covalent bond	uneven sharing of electrons causes one end of a molecule to have a positive charge while the opposite end takes on a negative charge.	6
5024564315	nonpolar covalent bond	symmetry and size of atoms in a molecule allow for valence electrons to be shared equally	7
5024592325	hydrogen bond	the positively charged hydrogen of one polar molecule forms an attraction to the more negatively charged (electronegative) oxygen or nitrogen of another polar molecule	8
5024620377	cohesion	a water molecule is attracted to other water molecules	9
5024624144	adhesion	water molecules are attracted to other substances	10
5024628556	capillary action	due to both its adhesive and cohesive properties, water seems to crawl up thin tubes such as the xylem of plants	11
5024641080	moderation of temperature	due to water's high specific heat, it can absorb and/or lose a lot of energy before changing temperature helping to keep large temperature fluctuations at a minimum.	12
5024653218	specific heat	the amount of energy needed to raise 1 ml of a substance 1 degree Celcius	13
5033387505	universal solvent	water's polarity gives it the ability to dissolve all polar and ionic substances	14
5033391603	hydrophobic	repelled by water	15
5033394413	hydrophilic	attracted to water	16
5033398637	Acid's taste	sour	17
5033400580	Acid's pH	below 7	18
5033408561	Acid	substance that donates H+ ions in solution	19
5033413604	Base's taste	bitter	20
5033415615	Base's pH	above 7	21
5033418663	water's pH	neutral (7)	22
5033431976	Base	substance that donates OH- ions in solution	23
5033444135	pH 5	H+ ion concentration of 1 X 10 ^-5	24
5033552484	pH 8 --> pH 10	decrease of 100 x H+ ion concentration (1 x 10^-8 --> 1 x 10^ -10)	25
5033570102	buffer	substance that absorbs excess H+ ions from an acid or OH- ions from a base in order to keep the pH from fluctuating greatly	26
5033662895	CHNOPS	6 most common elements found in living things	27
5033689338	Oxygen	most common element in human body	28
5033797998	Why lipids nonpolar	fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains	29
5033802290	amino group		30
5033809979	carbonyl group		31
5033822382	carboxyl group		32
5033826530	hydroxyl group		33
5033830688	phosphate group		34
5033838571	sulfhydryl group		35
5033845161	polymer	long chains of monomers	36
5033846717	monomer	smaller molecular sub-units that make up polymers	37
5033852346	lipids	used for long term energy storage waterproof coatings insulation cell membranes hormones	38
5033863766	steroids	lipids that make up several hormones	39
5033869903	carbohydrates	used for short term energy storage and some structural material	40
5033883921	triglycerides	fats used for long term energy storage and insulation	41
5033889561	phospholipids	main component of cellular membranes	42
5033895557	monosaccharides	simple sugars that are also the monomers of carbohydrates	43
5033901787	disaccharides	2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together	44
5033906430	polysaccharides	long chains of monosaccharides used for energy and structural components	45
5033912374	glycogen	polysaccharide found in animals	46
5033913793	starch	polysaccharide used for energy storage in plants	47
5033919050	cellulose	polysaccharide used for structural material in plants	48
5033926445	fatty acids	monomers of triglycerides, phospholipids, and waxes	49
5033930460	sterols	monomers of steroids	50
5033933128	proteins	used for catalysts structure transport receptors hormones	51
5033939529	amino acids	monomer of protein	52
5033950710	enzymes	substances (mostly proteins) that act as biological catalysts	53
5033966419	nucleic acids	used for storage and transfer of genetic information synthesis of proteins high-energy molecules used by cells	54
5033974002	nucleotides	monomers of nucleic acids	55
5033980218	ATP	adenosine triphosphate--energy molecule used in cells	56
5033988417	functional groups	determine chemical characteristics of organic molecules	57
5033994169	saturated fatty acids	carbons form all single bonds solid at room temperature found mostly in animals	58
5034004929	unsaturated fatty acids	contain at least one double bond (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) "kinked" liquid at room temperature oils	59
5034019230	dehydration synthesis	links monomers into polymers, creates a molecule of water, also called condensation reaction	60
5034022353	condensation reaction	links monomers into polymers, creates a molecule of water, also called dehydration synthesis	61
5034033104	hydrolysis	uses water to break bonds in polymers, also called digestion	62
5034039057	digestion	uses water to break bonds in polymers, also called hydrolysis	63