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AP Biology: Unit 1 Flashcards

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4764626284What is an atom?smallest unit of matter that retains it properties0
4764628909What composes an atom?neutrons, protons, electron1
4764629748What is a proton?a positively charged particle inside of the nucleus2
4764630601What is an electron?a negatively charged particle surrounding the nucleus3
4764632432What does an electron form around the nucleus?an electron cloud4
4764633023What is a neutron?neutral particle that form the nucleus of the atom5
4764634208What is an atomic number?The number of protons inside of the nucleus6
4764635415What does the atomic number tells us about the electrons?The electrons are the same number as the protons7
4764636220How do you calculate atomic mass?sum of the protons and the neutrons in the nucleus8
4764637657What is a compound?substance made up of 2 or more components in a fixed ratio9
4764638843What is an element?substance that can't be broken down by a chemical reaction10
4764640845The most abundant elements in living things are:oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen11
4764642032What are some examples of biologically important trace elements?iron (vertebrates) and iodine (thyroid gland)12
4764642846What are isotopes? What makes them different from each other?different atomic forms of the same element; they have the same protons but not the same number of neutrons creating different masses13
4764644885Name the 3 main types of bonds in order from most strong to least strong?covalent, ionic, hydrogen14
4764646635What is a covalent bond?sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms15
4764646636What is a single bond?a type of covalent bond that only shares one pair of electrons16
4764648572What is a double bond?a type of covalent bond that only shares two pairs of electrons17
4764649767What is a non-polar covalent bond?a bond where electrons are shared equally18
4764650459What is a polar-covalent bond?a bond where electrons are unequally distrbuted19
4764651132What is an ionic bond?tranferring of electrons to from bonds that take place between cations and anions20
4764652985What is an cation?a positively charged ion21
4764653669What is an anion?a negatively charged ion22
4764655106What is a hydrogen bond?noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom23
4764657088Why is the periodic table set up the way it is?it is organized by number of valence electrons in the outer shell; they share common properties24
4764658188What are Van der Waals interactions?individually weak attractions that occur only when atoms and molecules are close together25
4764661634In what type of molecules can you see Van der Waals interactions?VERY large molecules that can be broken apart easily26
4764663029What's an example of a Van der Waals interactions that cannot be broken apart easily?a Gecko sticking to a wall27
4764664490How does a molecule's shape affects its function?it determines the polarity of the molecule, determines what chemical reactions can take place and what bonds it may form28
4764666346The linear shape does what to the molecule:make it nonpolar29
4764666921The bent shape does what to the molecule:make it polar30
4764669229The trigonal plane shape does what to the molecule:make it polar31
4764671374The tetrahedral shape does what to the molecule:make it nonpolar32
4764672009How does a reaction work?making and breaking of chemical bonds between molecules or ions to reach chemical equilibrium33
4764673114How do you read a chemical equation?34
4764677847Organisms exchange matter to do what 3 things:grow, reproduce and maintain order35
4764679798What determines water's properties?polarity and hydrogen bonds36
4764680641What is fitness?the ability to support life37
4764682568What bond holds a hydrogen molecule together?polar covalent bonds; WITHIN a water molecules38
4764683477What is a polar molecule?a molecule with unequal distribution of charge; in the case of water, oxygen is more electronegative so it "hogs" all the electrons39
4764686334What bond holds hydrogen molecules to each other?hydrogen bonds40
4764687595What type of substances do hydrogen bonds happen to?polar and ionic41
4764688518What are the 4 emergent properties of water?cohesion, high specific heat, insulation of bodies of water due to floating ice, and important solvent42
4764689601What is cohesion?linking of like water molecules43
4764691358What does cohesive behavior describe?the attraction to itself and other things44
4764693378What is the cause of cohesion?hydrogen bonds45
4764693886What is adhesion? What do those substances HAVE to be?clinging of water molecules to another substance; have to be polar46
4764695516Why are cohesion and adhesion important?they allow photosynthesis by taking a huge role in the transpiration in plants47
4764697273What is surface tension?measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid48
4764697986What is this related to?cohesion49
4764699326When can a bug or an object stand in the surface of water?when the push of the water upwards > the push of the object into the water50
4764701927What is specific heat?heat required to raise or lower the temperature of 1 g of an object by 1 C51
4764704837Describe what water High Specific Heat determines:water gains and loses heat very slowly relative to other materials52
4764706767What does water's HSH to for the environment?keeps Earth's oceans temp stable to supports life in oceans and helps regulate planet's temp53
4764708553What causes water's HSH?hydrogen bonds; heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break and released when they form54
4764711066Ice is denser than water. True or False?false55
4764712956What does the ice floating on top to for that body of water?keeps large bodies of water from freezing solid, moderating temp; it disperses heat and protects wildlife56
4764715694What type of substances will dissolve in waterpolar and ionic57
4764716843What does hydrophilic mean?it "likes" water meaning it can dissolve58
4764718974What types of bonds are hydrophilic?polar covalent and ionic bonds59
4764719932What does hydrophobic mean?it "dislikes" meaning it can't dissolve60
4764720828What types of bonds are hydrophobic?non polar covalent bonds61
4764722746Why is water an important solvent?it allows for the distribution of nutrients62
4764724631What is a hydration shell?ion in a dissolved ionic compound is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules63
4764726742Why is water a versatile solvent?its polarity64
4764728167What causes these emergent properties?oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen; it is a polar substance65
4764729620Disassociation of water leads to:acids and bases66
4764735057What forms an acid?excess H+67
4764735058What forms an base?excess OH-68
4764737615What is a buffer?solutions that accept or donate a H+69
4764738159What is an example of a buffer?carbonic acid70
4764738846Why is carbonic acid important?regulates pH changes in blood (7.4) an ocean (6.4)71
4764740919Enzymes have to have what 2 specific things to function:shape and pH72
4785707323All ________ are__________;not all __________are_________enzymes, proteins; proteins, enzymes73
4764742033What is denaturing?when you distort an enzyme's shape or pH and is no longer functional74
4764743493What is the conformation of an enzyme?its shape75
4764745711Small changes in enzymes to not affect the functionality. True or false?false76
4764747466Carbon moves through the environment to build:lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid and proteins77
4764750740What is carbon used in?storage and cell formation78
4764752368What does nitrogen build?proteins and nucleic acids79
4764752813What is phosphorus used for?DNA and in certain lipids80
4764756577In an environment, atoms...cycle81
4764757946What is vitalism?idea that organic compounds are only in organisms; disproved when chemists synthesized these compounds82
4764759375What is mechanism?view that all natural phenomena are governed by physical/chemical laws (once you figure out how to make it work, you can replicate inside or outside the human body; emergent properties mess with this a little bit)83
4764761071Who showed the abiotic synthesis of organisms?Stanley Miller84
4764762335What is abiotic synthesis?taking something that is not alive and creating an organism from it85
4764763400What does this idea support?that abiotic synthesis of organic compounds could have been the origin of life (near a volcano)86
4764765535Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to:form large, complex and diverse molecules87
47647968733 examples of molecules formed by carbon:proteins, DNA, carbohydrates88
4764797582What are organic compounds?these contain hydrogen atoms as well as carbon atoms held together in a nonpolar covalent bond89
4764799874Why is carbon so special? (4 things)has 4 valence electrons to form up up to 4 covalent bonds; bonds can be single, double, or triple; can form large molecules; be ring-shaped or branched90
4764817552What are functional groups?components of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions91
4764819174What gives the functional groups its unique properties?their number and arrangement92
4764820332What are the 7 functional groups?hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amine, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl93
4764822921Significance of the hydroxyl group:(OH-) form hydrogen bonds and make things POLAR and allows things to dissolve94
4764825533Significance of the carbonyl group:(CO)95
4764826349Significance of the carboxyl group:(COOH) make things acid by giving away a proton96
4764827087Significance of the amine group:(NH2): amino acids (bases) and has a carboxyl group97
4764827919Significance of the sulfhydryl group:(SH) in proteins they form disulfide bridges (strong covalent bond) to strengthen the structure of a protein98
4764830030Significance of the phosphate group:(PO4): POLAR, examples are ATP and DNA99
4764831173Significance of the methyl group:(CH3) fatty acids ends in this group100
4764833273What does the image on the back of this flashcard represent?hydroxyl101
4764839508What does the image on the back of this flashcard represent??carboxyl102
4764841188What does the image on the back of this flashcard represent???amine103
4764842702What does the image on the back of this flashcard represent????phosphate104
4764843963What does the image on the back of this flashcard represent?????Sulfhydryl105
4764847122What is ATP?(adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell106
4768010775What determines the properties of a molecule?sub-components and biological sequence of molecules107
4768013621What is derived from a monomer's assembly?structure and function108
4768014277What other factor affects functionality?directionality109
4768015745Most macromolecules are...polymers110
4768016258What are polymers?large chains of repeating chains of subunits called monomers111
4768017828What is starch composed of?glucose monomers112
4768019582What creates polymers and what does it remove?synthesis reactions (condensation and dehydration) and they remove water113
4768020417What is hydrolysis?split large molecules and add water114
4775477880What are carbohydrates used for?fueling and building material115
47754795293 groups of carbohydrates:monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides116
4775482739What is a monosaccharide?simple sugars; single monomers117
4775483976Examples of monosaccharide:glucose, fructose, galactose118
4775484731What is a disaccharide?complex sugars; two monomers joined119
4775486260Examples of disaccharide:sucrose, lactose, maltose120
4775488199What is a polysaccharide?complex sugars; polymers with many units; monomers of polymer is monosaccharide121
4775489657Examples of polysaccharide:starch, cellulose, glycogen122
4775492109What kind of ratio do all carbohydrates have?CH20123
4779713775Is a monosaccharide a carbohydrate?yes124
4779724522Components of sucrose:glucose and fructose125
4779725302Components of lactose:glucose and galactose126
4779725303Components of maltose:glucose and glucose127
4779729646Glucose is a _______ linkage1:4128
4779734083Components of starch and glycogen:glucose monomers linked together129
4779735052What is the difference between the structure of a starch and a glycogen?starch is straight; glycogen is branched130
4779736011What makes starch straight?1:4 linkages of glucose131
4779736796What makes glycogen branched?1:6 linkages of glucose132
47797474222 main functions of carbohydrates:energy storage (short-term) and structural support133
4779749764Starch is_________________short-term energy storage carbohydrate for plants134
4779751304Glycogen is_________________short-term energy storage carbohydrate for animals (muscle and liver cells)135
4779752120Fats are_________________long-term energy storage for animals136
4779756194Cellulose is_________________major component of plant cell wall137
4779757022Chitin is________________the exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi138
4779772971What makes cellulose different from starch?different two ring forms of glucose (alpha and beta)139
4779777112What is the form of cellulose?beta glucose140
4779777866What is the form of starch?alpha glucose141
4779778592What does beta glucose do to the form of the cell?makes them straight142
4779779498What does alpha glucose do to the form of the cell?makes a spiral or helix143
4779792764Why is it that starch and cellulose can't be digested both?enzymes that digest (break apart) starch by hydrolysis can't hydrolyze beta linkages in cellulose144
4779796045What does cellulose end up as in the human digestive tract?as insoluble fiber145
4779797139How can herbivores digest cellulose?some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose; herbivores (cows and termites) have symbiotic relations with these microbes146
4779818573All _____ are _____ but not all _____ are _____fats, lipids, lipids, fats147
4779826475All lipids are:non polar and hydrophobic148
4779828938What makes a lipid hydrophobic?has a long hydrocarbon chains with no oxygen bonded to it149
4779834992Are lipids polymers?No, they have compounds150
4779837746What type of group do they have?carboxyl151
4779847260What is the basic structure of all fatty acids?triglycerides (3 carbon chain) (glycerol)152
4779849034Examples:waxes, oils, fats, steroids153
4779850987What are the 2 types of fatty acids?saturated and unsaturated154
4779852660What makes a saturated fatty acid different from a unsaturated fatty acid?saturated fatty acids don't have any carbon to carbon double bonds while unsaturated do (sometimes multiple)155
4779854571At room temp, saturated fats are:solid156
4779855589At room temp, unsaturated fats are:liquid157
4779856579What are saturated fatty acids linked to?cardiovascular diseases158
4779858249What produces saturated fatty acids?animals159
4779858374What produces unsaturated fatty acids?mostly plants160
4779859874Examples of saturated fatty acids:butter and lard161
4779868649Examples of unsaturated fatty acids:corn oil and olive oil162
4779869642Major functions of lipids:long-term energy storage, protection and insulation of organs, phospholipids, steroids163
4779874091Where in the protection and insulation of lipids stored in?adipose cells164
4779875309What happens when phospholipids are added to water?they self-assemble into a bilayer arrangement with hydrophobic tails pointing to the interior and hydrophilic outside165
4779887519Examples of steroids:cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone166
4779890426Why is cholesterol important?common component of animal cell membrane167
4780928618What are proteins?Polymers made of amino acids monomers168
47809298014 characteristics of amino acids:alpha central carbon, carboxyl and amine group, R group (side chain), one hydrogen atom169
4780932746What link amino acids?peptide bonds that are formed by dehydration synthesis170
4780933866Function depends on what 2 things:order and number of amino acids171
4780935949How many levels of protein structures?4172
4780937082What describes primary structure?order that the amino acids are bonded together173
4784526415What bonds primary structure?peptide bonds174
4784527549What are primary structures based on?R groups that DNA code for175
4780938460What describes secondary structure?how a polypeptide chain will fold because of H bonding176
4784533268Forms of secondary structure:alpha helix and beta pleated sheet177
4784530732How does an alpha helix secondary structure look like?coiled178
4784531968How does an beta pleated sheet secondary structure look like?accordion179
4780941867What does tertiary structure give the protein?complex globular shape180
4784539892What causes tertiary structure?bending and grouping of R groups181
4784536691What type of polypeptide form does a tertiary structure have to be?fully folded182
4780944334What do interactions of R groups cause?difference in bending and grouping183
4784542660Hardest structure to break apart:primary184
4784543709Why is primary structure harder to break apart?because of the strong convalent bonds that keep them together185
4780946838Examples of interactions of R groups:hydrophobic interactions van der wals interactions hydrogen bonds disulfide bridges186
4780948374What is quaternary structure?association of two or more polypeptide chains into a large protein187
4780949765Example of a quaternary structure:hemoglobin 4 polypeptide chains188
4780951386Protein shape is crucial to_________________function189
4784523532Does a quaternary structure function without the other?No190
4780952683What diseases can a misshapen protein cause?sickle cell anemia191
4780953990What do the sequence of amino acids determine?protein's 3D shape192
4780955382What are chaperonins? What do they create?proteins that assist in proper folding of proteins; an isolated environment193
47809571312 types of nucleic acids:DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) and RNA (ribose nucleic acid)194
4780958796What are DNA and RNA composed of?nucleotide monomers195
4780960107What are the nucleotides?nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, urasil) pentose sugar (5) phosphate group196
4784577673How does one bond and read a nucleic acid?always bond a phosphate to a sugar and read it by the but of the sugar up; 3:5197
4780962197DNA deals with....heredity198
4780963118Nucleotides in DNA and their pairs:A-T, G-C199
4780964378RNA deals with....a lot of different uses, protein-building200
4780965736Nucleotides in RNA and their pairs:A-U G-C201
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