AP Biology Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

5912504269	anatomy	study of the biological form of an organism	0
5912511266	physiology	study of the biological functions an organism performs	1
5912519390	levels of organization	1. cell 2. tissue 3. organ 4. organ system	2
5912526528	germ layers	tissue layers in the embryos of animals (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)	3
5912529207	organ	one functional unit of tissues	4
5912530917	organ system	organs working together to perform a specific function	5
5912533268	tissue	a group of related cells	6
5912537592	dorsal cavity	contains the brain and spinal cord	7
5912539715	ventral cavity	located along the front of the body, contains the body organs and maintain homeostasis	8
5912544372	thoracic cavity	cavity housing lungs and heart	9
5912550600	abdominopelvic cavity	made of an upper part called the abdominal cavity and a lower called the pelvic cavity	10
5912561528	epithelial tissue	tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities; tightly bound to form a protective layer; highly regenerative	11
5912566594	simple epithelial	single layer of cells	12
5912566596	stratified epithelial	multiple layers of cells	13
5912570416	squamous	flat	14
5912622927	cuboidal	cube	15
5912626468	columnar	tall and wide	16
5912628372	gland	a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions	17
5912631489	connective tissue	tissue that provides support for the body and connects all its parts; has an extracellular matrix (secreted by fibroblasts) made of collagen, elastin and reticulin	18
5912643013	loose connective tissue	less packed connective tissue which makes it loose and flexible, includes adipose	19
5912650872	adipose	fat reserve cells	20
5912660637	dense connective tissue	have large amounts of either collagen fibers (making them strong) or elastic fibers, or both, includes tendons and ligaments	21
5912653292	tendon	connects muscle to bone	22
5912656026	ligament	connects bone to bone	23
5912667221	chondrocyte	cartilage, connects and cushions joints	24
5912691376	osteocyte	bone, calcified cells that provide sturdy support	25
5912699008	plasma	liquid part of blood	26
5912704253	erythrocyte	red blood cell	27
5912706699	leukocyte	white blood cell	28
5912714674	thrombocyte	platelet	29
5912721851	muscular tissue	tissue that moves the body and its parts; striated muscles contain actin and myosin filaments for contraction	30
5912729658	smooth muscle	involuntary, in walls of blood vessels and viscera, one nucleus	31
5912741160	skeletal muscle	voluntary, attached to bones, multinucleated, striated	32
5912749750	cardiac muscle	involuntary, single nucleated, striated, have gap junctions to link adjacent cells and help the heart perform as one unit (intercalated disks)	33
5912759707	nervous tissue	tissue that senses stimuli, integrates and analyzes them, and controls the body's response	34
5912766322	neuron	main cell of the nervous system	35
5912768897	neuroglia	cells that support neurons (ex: Schwann cells)	36
5912780296	cell body	contains nucleus of the neuron	37
5912782784	dendrite	receive stimuli; highly branched extensions	38
5912785699	axon	conduct and propagate impulses	39
5912789165	Schwann cell	support and insulates axons using a myelin sheath	40
5912797364	node of Ranvier	gap between myelin sheaths that expose the axon, help accelerate impulses	41
5912805728	saltatory conduction	rapid jumping of an impulse from node to node	42
5912814521	motor neuron	sends impulses to muscles to create movement	43
5912816708	sensory neuron	pick up stimuli from the environment and send to the brain	44
5912823666	interneuron	neurons in the CNS that communicate internally and connect sensory to motor neurons; are responsible for reflexes	45
5912837721	nervous system	system that is responsible for body intercommunication, picking up and responding to stimuli, and stimulating movement	46
5912845737	endocrine system	system that is responsible for sending out hormones that regulate homeostasis in the body	47
5912849846	muscular system	system that is responsible for carrying out voluntary movement	48
5912853165	skeletal system	system that is responsible for creating a rigid framework	49
5912856338	digestive ssytem	system that is responsible for food breakdown and nutrient absorption	50
5912863853	circulatory system	system that responsible fordistributing nutrients, oxygen and other vital materials throughout the body	51
5912867843	respiratory system	system that is responsible for gas exchange	52
5912873105	urinary system	system that is responsible for waste elimination	53
5912876905	integumentary system	system that is responsible for protecting the outer body	54
5912890691	immune system	system that is responsible for protecting the inner body from pathogens	55
5912894142	reproductive system	system that is responsible for producing gametes and reproducing	56
5912905180	homeostasis	tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state	57
5912907112	stimulus	change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react	58
5912915032	negative feedback	process that reduces stimuli to return organism to homeostasis	59
5912926173	positive feedback	process that amplifies stimuli away from homeostasis	60
5912933486	effector	organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus	61
5912933487	integrator	organ that evaluates condition change	62
5912913161	thermoregulation	process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range; adaptations for this include: - insulation (fur, blubber, feathers) - countercurrent circulation - sweating - behavioral responses (shivering) - adjustig metabolic hear production (antifreeze)	63
5912940866	endotherm	organism that is internally warmed by generating heat through metabolic processes	64
5912940867	ectotherm	organism that is externally warmed by behaviors	65
5912947673	radiation	transfer of heat through the sun's electromagnetic waves	66
5912953640	conduction	transfer of heat through direct contact	67
5912957514	convection	transfer of heat through movement of liquid or gas	68
5912961859	evaporation	transfer of heat through water vaporization	69
5912987067	torpor	stage in which an animal saves energy through moving less and decreasing metabolic processes	70