APES Ch. 8 Flashcards

5483767227	Core	the innermost zone of Earth's interior, composed mostly of iron and nickel. It includes a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer.	0
5483770027	Mantle	the layer of Earth above the core, containing magma	1
5483771519	magma	molten rock	2
5483772906	asthenosphere	the layer of Earth located in the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock	3
5483904300	lithosphere	the outermost layer of Earth, including the mantle and crust	4
5483906348	crust	in geology, the chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere	5
5483908406	hot spot	in geology, a place where molten material from Earth's mantle reaches the lithosphere	6
5483913531	plate tectonics	the theory that the lithosphere of Earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion	7
5483916051	tectonic cycle	the sum of the processes that build up and break down the lithosphere	8
5483919284	subduction	the process of one crustal plate passing under another	9
5483921038	volcano	a vent in the surface of Earth that emits ash, gases, or molten lava	10
5483922425	divergent plate boundary	an area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other	11
5483925817	seafloor spreading	the formation of new ocean crust as a result of magma pushing upward and outward from Earth's mantle to the surface	12
5483936060	convergent plate boundary	an area where plates move toward one another and colide	13
5484127825	transform fault boundary	an area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other	14
5483936791	fault	a fracture in rock caused by a movement of Earth's crust	15
5483940023	seismic activity	the frequency and intensity of earthquakes experienced over time	16
5483942801	fault zone	a large expanse of rock where a fault has occurred	17
5483944874	earthquake	the sudden movement of Earth's crust caused by a release of potential energy along a geological fault and usually causing a vibration or trembling in Earth's surface	18
5483951733	epicenter	the exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake	19
5483964703	richter scale	a scale that measures the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake	20
5483966400	rock cycle	the geologic cycle governing the constant formation, alteration, and destruction of rock material that results from tectonics, weathering, and erosion, among other processes	21
5483971255	igneous rock	rock formed directly from magma	22
5483975758	intrusive igneous rock	igneous rock that forms when magma rises up and cools in a place underground	23
5483977956	extrusive igneous rock	rock that forms when magma cools above the surface of Earth	24
5483980291	fracture	In geology, a crack that occurs in rock as it cools	25
5483983368	sedimentary rock	rock that forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments	26
5483988048	metamorphic rock	rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure	27
5483992147	physical weathering	the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals	28
5483993626	chemical weathering	the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both	29
5484000083	acid precipitation/acid rain	precipitation high in sulfuric acid and nitric acid from reactions between water vapor and sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere	30
5484007378	erosion	the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem	31
5484009850	parent material	rock material from which the inorganic components of soil are derived	32
5484013856	soil degradation	the loss of some or all of a soil's ability to support plant growth	33
5484015313	horizon	a horizontal layer in a soil defined by distinctive physical features such as texture and color	34
5484018884	O horizon	the organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of organic detritus in various stages of decomposition	35
5484021756	A horizon/Topsoil	frequently the top layer of soil, a zone of organic material and minerals that have been mixed together	36
5484026992	E horizon	a zone of leaching, or eluviation, found in some acidic soils under the O horizon or, less often, the A horizon	37
5484049350	B horizon	a soil horizon composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter	38
5484052856	C horizon	the least-weathered soil horizon, which always occurs beneath the B horizon and is similar to the parent material	39
5484059208	cation exchange capacity (CEC)	The ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cation	40
5484065663	base saturation	the proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed as a percentage	41
5484071976	crustal abundance	the average concentration of an element in Earth's crust	42
5484072905	ore	a concentrated accumulation of minerals from which economically valuable minerals can be extracted	43
5484076530	metal	an element with properties that allow it to conduct electricity and heat energy, and to perform other important functions	44
5484080105	reserve	in resource management, the known quality of a resource can be economically recovered	45
5484083741	strip mining	the removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore	46
5484085532	mining spoils/tailings	unwanted waste material created during mining	47
5484089001	Open-pit mining	a mining technique that uses a large visible pit or hole in the ground	48
5484091025	Mountaintop removal	a mining technique in which the entire top of a mountain is removed with explosives	49
5484094501	placer mining	the process of looking for minerals, metals, and precious stones in river sediments	50
5484098895	subsurface mining	mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100m (328 feet) below the surface of earth	51