Chapter 11 APES Flashcards

5639186096	Under nutrition	Chronic hunger; not consuming enough calories to be healthy	0
5639186097	Malnourished	Regardless of the number of calories one consumes, their diets lack the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals	1
5639186098	Food security	Condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life	2
5639186099	Food insecurity	Condition in which people do not have adequate access to food	3
5639186100	Famine	Condition in which food security is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period	4
5639186101	Anemia	Iron deficiency; most widespread nutritional deficiency in world	5
5639186102	Overnutrition	Ingestion of too many calories and improper foods; can cause a person to become overweight	6
5639186103	Meat	Second largest component of the human diet; livestock (beef, veal and lamb) and poultry (chicken and duck)	7
5639186104	Industrial agriculture/agribusiness	Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization	8
5639186105	Energy subsidy	Energy input per calorie of food produced	9
5639186106	Green Revolution	Shift in farming methods New management techniques and mechanization as well as the triad of fertilization, irrigation and improved crop varieties	10
5639186107	Economies of scale	Observation that average costs of production fall as output increases	11
5639186108	Water logging	Occurs when soil remains underwater for prolonged periods, impairs root growth because roots cannot get oxygen	12
5639186109	Salinization	Occurs when the small amounts of salt in irrigation water become highly concentrated on soil surface through evaporation	13
5639186110	Organic fertilizers	Composed of organic matter from plants and animals	14
5639186111	Synthetic/inorganic fertilizers	Produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels	15
5639186112	Monocropping	An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety	16
5639186113	Pesticide	A substance, either natural or synthetic that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests	17
5639186114	Insecticide	A pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertebrates	18
5639186115	Herbicides	Target plant species that compare with crops	19
5639186116	Broad spectrum pesticides	They kill many different types of pests	20
5639186117	Selective pesticides	Focus on a narrower range of organisms	21
5639186118	Persistent	remain in the environment for a long time, DDT is an example	22
5639186119	Non persistent	break down relatively rapid, usually in weeks to months	23
5639186120	Bioaccumulation	Something building up over time in the fatty tissues of predators	24
5639186121	Resistant	Measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem	25
5639186122	Pesticide treadmill	Cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development	26
5639186123	Conventional agriculture	Applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization	27
5639186124	Shifting agriculture	Involves clearing land and using it for only a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients	28
5639186125	Desertification	Transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use	29
5639186126	Nomadic grazing	Feeding herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances	30
5639186127	Sustainable agriculture	Fulfills need for food and fiber while enhancing quality of the soil, minimizing use of nonrenewable resources and allowing economic viability for the farmer	31
5639186128	Intercropping	Two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction between them	32
5639186129	Crop rotation	Achieves the same effect by rotating the crop species in a field from season to season	33
5639186130	Agroforestry	Intercropping trees with vegetables; allows vegetation of different heights, including trees, to act as windbreaks and catch soil that might otherwise be blown away	34
5639186131	Contour plowing	Plowing and harvesting at right angles to the slope of the land; Helps prevent erosion by water while still allowing for the practical advantages of plowing	35
5639186132	No-till agriculture	Designed to avoid soil degradation that comes with conventional agricultural techniques	36
5639186133	Integrated pest management (IPM)	Uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs	37
5639186134	Organic agriculture	Production of crops without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers	38
5639186135	Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs)	Large indoor or outdoor structures designed for maximum output	39
5639186136	Fishery	Commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region	40
5639186137	Fishery collapse	Decline of a fish population by 90% or more	41
5639186138	Bycatch	Unintentional catch of non target species	42
5639186139	Individual transferable quotas (ITQs)	Fishery management program in which individual fishers are given a total allowable catch of fish in a season that they can either catch or sell	43
5639186140	Aquaculture	Farming aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish and seaweeds	44
5639186141	Annual plants	Live only one season and must be replanted each yea, which causes enormous disruption to soil (Example: wheat and corn)	45
5639186142	Perennial plants	Live for multiple years so there is no need to plow fields each year for replanting	46
8350825112	stronger doses of pesticide are needed, new chemicals are needed, more frequent spraying is needed	List three effects of the pesticide treadmill	47
8350841165	immune system disorders, endocrine system disorders, childhood brain cancer, nervous system disorders	List negative effects of pesticide exposure on humans.	48
8350890426	Integrated pest management	Farmers can control pests by alternating crops, introducing natural pest predators, using selective pesticides and timing planting to limit insect loss to crops. This method is called	49
8350904651	1. it can be cheaper than using sprays. 2. It can be self-perpetuating (meaning it continues to work after the initial application, for example the next year)	what are some pro's for biological control of pests?	50
8350935066	Synthetic sprays and fertilizers	typically liquid, this method of fertilizing crops is relatively inexpensive and provides the macronutrients that crops need.	51
8350958462	organic fertilizer	typically animal manure, this type of fertilizer is not always available to farmers, but it does provide macro and micronutrients for plant growth	52
8350983983	Round Up Ready	when plants are able to tolerate the herbicide Round up, what are they called?	53
8351006195	bacillus thurengensis or Bt	A toxin that is genetically added to plants like corn and wheat so that lepidopteran larva die upon ingestion of the plants (in other words, they die when they eat it)	54
8351019641	Japan, Australia, South Korea, Canada	List five countries that require GMO food to be labeled for the consumer	55
8351042400	beef, pork, chicken, catfish	List the following meats from least efficient to most efficient... catfish, chicken, pork and beef	56
8351057695	Minamata Disease	what disease is caused by mercury poisoning?	57
8351075874	Goiter	Disease caused by insufficient iodine in a diet	58
8351089183	blindness	Lack of Vitamin A causes this problem for 500,000 people worldwide per year	59
8351097683	stroke, heart disease, cancer	overnutrition can lead to what three diseases?	60
8351113609	hypervarietal cultivation	when a farmer plants many varieties of a crop, for example many different kinds of tomatoes	61
8351129866	less labor costs since you don't have to till the land, less soil erosion since the land is not exposed.	An advantage of conservation tillage (no till)	62
8351141169	more herbicide is used to kill the weeds since the ground is not tilled. (tilling disturbs the weeds and slows their growth)	disadvantage of conservation tillage	63
8351201729	pest	any organism that competes with humans or interferes with humans.	64