AP US History, Chapter 10 Flashcards

8512818549	Bill of Rights (1791)	Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution.	0
8512818550	Judiciary Act of 1789	Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general.	1
8512818551	funding at par	Payment of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolster the nation's credit.	2
8512818552	assumption	Transfer of debt from one party to another. In order to strengthen the union, the federal government assumed states' Revolutionary War debts in 1790, thereby tying the interests of wealthy lenders with those of the national government.	3
8512818553	tariff	Tax levied on imports. Traditionally, manufacturers support tariffs as protective and revenue-raising measures, while agricultural interests, dependent on world markets, oppose high tariffs.	4
8512818554	excise tax	Tax on goods produced domestically. Excise taxes, particularly the 1791 tax on whiskey, were a highly controversial component of Alexander Hamilton's financial program.	5
8512818555	Bank of the United States (1791)	Chartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository to Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional.	6
8512818556	Whiskey Rebellion (1794)	Popular uprising of whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states.	7
8512818557	Reign of Terror (1793-1794)	Ten-month period of brutal repression when some forty thousand individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution. While many Jeffersonians maintained their faith in the French Republic, Federalists withdrew their already Lukewarm support once the Reign of Terror commenced.	8
8512818558	Neutrality Proclamation (1793)	Issued by George Washington, it proclaimed America's formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, a statement that enraged pro-French Jeffersonians.	9
8512818559	Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)	Decisive battle between the Miami Confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States.	10
8512818560	Treaty of Greenville (1795)	Under the terms of the treaty, the Miami Confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United Stated in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights, and formal recognition of their sovereign status.	11
8512818561	Jay's Treaty (1794)	Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts on US soil and pay damages for seized American vessels, in exchange for which Jay bound the United States to repay pre-Revolutionary war debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France.	12
8512818562	Pinckney's Treaty (1795)	Signed with Spain, which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigational of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida.	13
8512818563	Farewell Address (1796)	George Washington's address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young, fledgling nation should forge alliances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances.	14
8512818564	XYZ Affair (1797)	Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the United States called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean.	15
8512818565	Convention of 1800	Agreement to formality dissolve the United States' treaty with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by America's peacetime alliance with France contributed to Americans' long-standing opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers.	16
8512818566	Alien Laws (1798)	Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raiding the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace.	17
8512818567	Sedition Act (1798)	Enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. The act drew heavy criticism from Republicans, who let the act expire in 1801.	18
8512818568	Virginia and Kentucky resolutions (1798-1799)	Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefor nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional.	19
8512818569	George Washington	Was unanimously drafted as president by the Electoral College in 1789. Balanced rather than brilliant, he commanded his followers by strength of character rather than by the arts of the politician.	20
8512818570	Alexander Hamilton	A native of the British West Indies, who was the Secretary of the Treasury. He favored a central government with a weak legislature to unify the infant nation and encourage industry. He set out immediately to correct the economic vexations that had crippled the Articles of Confederation by proposing that the federal government pay its Revolutionary war debts, which would bolster the nation's credit. He also proposed a bank of the United States.	21
8512818571	Louis XVI	Was the absolute monarch of France (1774-1792). He was forced to surrender after the storming of the Bastille and was executed in front of the people of France (accused of High Treason and Crimes against the State) in 1793.	22
8512818572	Edmond Genêt	Thirty year old representative of the French Republic who foolishly came to the United States to believe that the Neutrality Proclamation did not reflect the true wishes of the American people, and he consequently embarked upon unneutral activity not authorized by the French alliance--including the recruitment of armies to invade Spanish Florida and Louisiana. George Washington later demanded his withdrawal and the Frenchmen was replaced by a less impulsive emissary.	23
8512818573	Little Turtle	War chief of the Miamis who defeated, with his braves, Ramos led by Generals Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair, killing hundreds of soldiers in 1790 and 1791 [possibly in the Old Northwest].	24
8512818574	"Mad Anthony" Wayne	Led a new army in 1794, routing the Miamis at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Since the Indians were abandoned by the British, they offered this general a peace pipe.	25
8512818575	John Jay	Chief Justice who negotiated with the British to avoid going to war with them, known as Jay's treaty.	26
8512818576	John Adams	A Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became President by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, and was involved in the XYZ Affair, Quais War, and the Convention of 1800. Later though he was also known for his belated push for peace with France in 1800. Regarding his personality he was a "respectful irritation."	27
8512818577	Charles Maurice de Talleyrand	French foreign minister who demanded an unneutral loan of 32 million florins, plus what amounted to a bribe of $250,000, for the privilege of merely talking with him once approached by "X", "Y", and "Z".	28