AP US History, Chapter 23 Flashcards

8515395899	"waving the bloody shirt"	The use of Civil War imagery by political candidates and parties to draw votes to their side of the ticket.	0
8515395900	Tweed Ring	A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars.	1
8515395901	Crédit Mobilier scandal	1872; A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices - and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the Crédit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the vice president to allow the ruse to continue.	2
8515395902	panic of 1873	A worldwide depression that began in the United States when one of the nation's largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses. The crisis intensified debtors' calls for inflationary measures such as the printing of more paper money and the unlimited coinage of silver. Conflicts over monetary policy greatly influenced politics in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.	3
8515395903	Gilded Age	A term given to the period 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era.	4
8515395904	patronage	A system, prevalent during the Gilded Age, in which political parties granted jobs and favors to party regulars who delivered votes on election day. Patronage was both an essential wellspring of support for both parties and a source of conflict within the Republican party.	5
8515395905	Compromise of 1877	The agreement that finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended Reconstruction. In exchange for the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, winning the presidency, Hayes agreed to withdraw the last of the federal troops from the former Confederate states. This deal effectively completed the southern return to white-only, Democratic-dominated electoral politics.	6
8515395906	Civil Rights Act of 1875	The last piece of federal civil rights legislation until the 1950s, the law promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism in jury selection, but it provided no means of enforcement and was therefore ineffective. In 1883, the Supreme Court declared most of the act unconstitutional.	7
8515395907	sharecropping	An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantations.	8
8515395908	Jim Crow	System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century. Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, the Jim Crow system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation.	9
8515395909	Plessy v. Ferguson	A Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s.	10
8515395910	Chinese Exclusion Act	1882 federal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the United States. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in US history.	11
8515395911	Pendleton Act	1883 Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reining in the spoils system.	12
8515395912	Homestead Strike	1892; A strike at a Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania, that ended in an armed battle between the strikers, three hundred armed Pinkerton detectives hired by Carnegie, and federal troops, which killed ten people and wounded more than sixty. The strike was part of a nationwide wave of labor unrest in the summer of 1892 that helped the Populists gain some support from industrial workers.	13
8515395913	grandfather clause	A regulation established in many southern states in the 1890s that exempted from voting requirements (such as literacy tests and poll taxes) anyone who could prove that his ancestors ("grandfathers") had been able to vote in 1860. Because slaves could not vote before the Civil War, these clauses guaranteed the right to vote to many whites while denying it to blacks.	14
8515395914	Jay Gould	United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market.	15
8515395915	Horace Greeley	An American newspaper editor and founder o the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.	16
8515395916	Rutherford B. Hayes	19th president of the United States who was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states; the most corrupt election in US history	17
8515395917	James A. Garfield	He was remembered as one of the four "lost presidents" after the civil war. He was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859 as a Republican. During the secession crisis, he advocated coercing the seceding states back into the Union. As President, he strengthened Federal authority over the New York Customs House. Less than four months of taking office in 1881, he was assassinated. His assassination led to the Pendleton Civil Service Reform of 1883.	18
8515395918	Chester Arthur	Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.	19
8515395919	Grover Cleveland	22nd and 24th president; Democrat; honest and hardworking; as a Republican fought corruption; as president he vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform; violent suppression of strikes	20
8515395920	Thomas B. Reed	Republican Speaker of the House in 1888, he gained a reputation for an iron grip over Congress and kept Democrats in line.	21
8515395921	Tom Watson	Elected to the US Congress; became known as a champion of Georgia's farmers, and he sponsored and pushed through a law providing for RFD-rural free delivery	22
8515395922	William Jennings Bryan	Democratic candidate who ran for president in 1896 and again in 1900; his goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican Willam McKinley. He ran again for president and lost again in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.	23
8515395923	J. P. Morgan	Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to US Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way: he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "robber barons"	24