AP US History Chapter 39 Flashcards

9851741659	Vietnamization	President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces	0
9851741660	Nixon Doctrine	During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops. US would help nations that helped themselve	1
9851741661	silent majority	A phrase used to describe people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s	2
9851741662	My Lai	1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.	3
9851741663	Kent State University	Kent State was the location of one of the many college student protests against the Vietnam War. The protest ended with a clash against the police and the death of several students. The incident greatly decreased the support for U.S. involvement in Vietnam and caused even more protest and resentment.	4
9851741664	26th Amendment	(RN) , lowered the voting age to 18	5
9851741665	Pentagon Papers	7,000 page document which revealed that the government planned to enter the war at the same time Johnson was promising the country he would not send troops- Pentagon papers confirmed to American that the government had not been honest about its war intentions	6
9851741666	Détente	A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.	7
9851741667	One-China Policy	Formally recognizing an expanded PRC to include Taiwan. US did this in early 70s to help in Cold War, especially with Vietnam. Taiwan fell out of international favor and US recognized the PRC in 1979	8
9851741668	SALT	(RN), Strategic Arms Limitation Talks- A pact that served to freeze the numbers of long-range nuclear missles for five years in 1972. This treaty between Nixon (U.S.), China, and the Soviet Union served to slow the arms race that had been going on between these nations since World War II.	9
9851741669	Chief Justice Earl Warren	The man who said "separate is inequal," he also gave the majority vote. ,Accepted cases involving controversial issues, particularly civil rights and the rights of the accused	10
9851741670	Gideon v. Wainwright	a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.	11
9851741671	Miranda	1966 Supreme Court decision that sets guidelines for police questioning of accused persons to protect them against self-incrimination and to protect their right to counsel.	12
9851741672	Engel v. Vitale	A nondenominational prayer was authorized to be said at the start of each day at local public schools. Result: The prayer violated the establishment clause. = 1st A.	13
9851741673	Township v. Schempp	requiring bible readings in public school is unconstitutional, state should be committed to neutrality	14
9851741674	Warren E. Burger	Nominated Supreme Court Justice by Nixon so that more conservative judges would be in judicial branch	15
9851741675	Roe v. Wade	established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state interference in 1st; state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2nd; state may regulate to protect health or unborn child in 3rd. inferred from right of privacy established in griswald v. connecticut	16
9851741676	affirmative action	A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination.	17
9851741677	Environmental Protection Agency	(RN), 1970 an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment Clean Air, Clean Water, Clean Land	18
9851741678	Clean Air Act of 1970	Required EPA to develop and enforce regulations to protect the public from airborne contaminants; forced states to follow and make sure the laws for followed in relation to the EPA. States allowed to decide officials for enforcement.	19
9851741679	McGovern	A commission formed at the 1968 Democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better representation.	20
9851741680	peace with honor	A phrase U.S. President Richard M. Nixon used in a speech , to describe the Paris Peace Accord to end the Vietnam War.	21
9851741681	Pol Pot	(1925-1998) Leader of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. Pol Pot is responsible for the deaths of almost 2 million of his own people due to starvation, execution, and beatings.	22
9851741682	War Powers Act	1973 act that states that a president can commit the military only after a declaration of war by the Congress, by specific authorization by Congress, if there is a national emergency, or if the use of force is in the national interest of the United States	23
9851741683	Energy Crisis	Occured when many Arab countries created embargo against U.S. for support of Isreal in Yom Kippur War, then the Iran Revolution caused U.S. to not have enough oil supplies for energy	24
9851741684	Arab Oil Embargo	After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a crisis	25
9851741685	OPEC	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.	26
9851741686	Watergate Break-in	The 1972 illegal entry into the Democratic National Committee offices by participants in President Richard Nixon's reelection campaign.	27
9851741687	Gerald Ford	(1974-1977), Solely elected by a vote from Congress. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. Evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam, closing the war. We are heading toward rapid inflation. Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon	28
9851741688	Watergate Tapes Controversy	Tapes which proved Nixon was involved in the Watergate scandal. Although he withheld them at first, the Supreme Court made Nixon turn over these recordings of the plans for the cover-up of the scandal.	29
9851741689	executive privilege	An implied presidential power that allows the president to refuse to disclose information regarding confidential conversations or national security to Congress or the judiciary.	30
9851741690	Helsinki accords	(GF) first signed by Canada, US, Soviet Union, and 32 others which pledged cooperation between East and West Europe and to reduce tension associated with the Cold War, eventually Communist Party died in East Europe in 1991	31
9851741691	Defeat in Vietnam	After two years of fighting on their own, the S. Vietnamese quickly collapsed in 1975 after a full-throttle push by the N. Vietnamese. Americans had to be hastily evacuated from the American Embassy in Saigon. 500,000 S. Vietnamese migrated to the U.S. $118 billion and 56,000 Americans dead.	32
9851741692	White Flight	working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs	33
9851741693	Affirmative Action Programs	Written program or plan that helps ERs ID areas in which protected class members are underutilized in the ER's workforce, a plan designed to increase the number of minority employees at all levels within an organization	34
9851741694	Allan Bakke	White student who was denied admission to University of California medical school because slots were reserved for minority students--brought his case to the supreme court. (Reverse Discrimination)	35
9851741695	Thurgood Marshall	American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. 1st African American on Supreme Court	36
9851741696	James Earl Carter, Jr	won the presidential election of 1976. he displayed an overriding concern for "human rights" as the guiding principle of his foreign policy. he failed to consult adequately with the leaders. 39th President. 1977-1981	37
9851741697	Camp David Accords	A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel - ended 30 years of hostilities between Egypt and Israel	38
9851741698	Anwar Sadat	3rd President of Egypt, he signed the Camp David Accords, making Egypt the first Arab nation to recognize Israel and won the Nobel Peace Prize, but was assassinated	39
9851741699	Menachem Begin	Israeli Prime Minister who signed the Camp David Accords in 1979	40
9851741700	Muslim fundamentalists	a term used to describe religious ideologies seen as advocating a return to the "fundamentals" of Islam.	41
9851741701	Iranian Hostage Crisis	In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.	42
9851741702	Leonid Brezhnev	Seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. Ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.	43
9851741703	SALT II agreements	limited the level of lethal strategic weapons in the soviet and American arsenals. Conservative critics stopped treaty.	44
9851741704	Afghanistan	1979 USSR invaded Afghanistan; Carter stopped shipment of grain and tech from USSR, withdrew SALT II, boycott Olympics	45
9851741705	Iranian hostage crisis	In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.	46