AP US History Chapter 39 Flashcards

5564862498	"smoking gun" tape	Recording made in the Oval Office that proved that Nixon knew about the Watergate break-in and endeavored to cover it up. Led to complete break-down in Congressional support for Nixon after the Supreme Court ordered he hand the tape to investigators.	0
5564862499	Roe v Wade	Landmark Supreme Court decision that forbade states from barring abortion by citing a woman's constitutional right to privacy. Seen as a victory for feminism and civil liberties by some, the decision provoked a strong counter-reaction by opponents to abortion, galvanizing the Pro-Life movement.	1
5564864043	detente	The period of Cold War thawing when the United States and the Soviet Union negotiated reduced armament treaties under Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter. As a policy prescription, détente marked a departure from the policies of proportional response, mutually assured destruction, and containment that had defined the earlier years of the Cold War.	2
5564864044	Earth Day	International day of celebration and awareness of global environmental issues launched by conservationists on April 22, 1970.	3
5564870346	Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)	A governmental organization signed into law by Nixon designed to regulate pollution, emissions, and other factors that have a negative effect on the natural environment. Marked a newfound commitment by the federal government to combat environmental risks and was a significant triumph for the environmentalist movement.	4
5564872779	Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)	Declared full constitutional equality for women. Although it passed both houses of Congress, a concerted grassroots campaign by anti-feminists persuaded enough state legislatures to vote against ratification. The amendment failed to become part of the Constitution.	5
5564874544	Iranian Hostage Crisis	The 444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries. The Iranian Revolution began when young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. These revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The hostage crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostages' release the day Ronald Reagan became president.	6
5564876258	Kent State University	Massacre of four college students by National Guardsmen in Ohio. In response to Nixon's announcement that he had expanded the Vietnam War into Cambodia, college campuses across the country exploded in violence. Students at historically black Jackson State College in Mississippi were protesting the war as well as the Kent State shooting when highway patrolmen fired into a student dormitory, killing two students.	7
5564876259	malaise speech	National address by Jimmy Carter in which the President chided American materialism and urged a communal spirit in the face of economic hardships. Although Carter intended the speech to improve both public morale and his standings as a leader, it had the opposite effect and was widely perceived as a political disaster for the embattled president.	8
5564878765	Miranda Warning	A statement of an arrested person's constitutional rights, which police officers must read during an arrest. The warning came out of the Supreme Court's decision in Miranda v. Arizona that accused people have the right to remain silent, consult an attorney, and enjoy other protections. The Court declared that law enforcement officers must make sure suspects understand their constitutional rights, thus creating a safeguard against forced confessions and self-implication.	9
5564878766	My Lai Massacre	Military assault in a small Vietnamese village in which American soldiers murdered hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children. The atrocity produced outrage and reduced support for the war in America and around the world when details of the massacre and an attempted cover-up were revealed in 1971.	10
5564880883	Nixon Doctrine	President Nixon's plan for "peace with honor" in Vietnam. The doctrine stated that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments but, in the future, countries would have to fight their own wars.	11
5564880884	Pentagon Papers	Secret U.S. government report detailing early planning and policy decisions regarding the Vietnam War under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson. Leaked to the New York Times in 1971, it revealed instances of governmental secrecy, lies, and incompetence in the prosecution of the war.	12
5564883814	Philadelphia Plan	Require construction trade unions to work toward hiring more black apprentices. The plan altered Johnson's concept of "affirmative action" to focus on groups rather than individuals.	13
5564883815	SALT II	Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty agreement between Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and American president Jimmy Carter. Despite an accord to limit weapons between the two leaders, the agreement was ultimately scuttled in the U.S. Senate following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.	14
5564886093	silent majority	Nixon Administration's term to describe generally content, law-abiding middle-class Americans who supported both the Vietnam War and America's institutions. As a political tool, the concept attempted to make a subtle distinction between believers in "traditional" values and the vocal minority of civil rights agitators, student protesters, counter-culturalists, and other seeming disruptors of the social fabric.	15
5564886094	Southern Strategy	Nixon reelection campaign strategy designed to appeal to conservative whites in the historically Democratic south. The President stressed law and order issues and remained noncommittal on civil rights. This strategy typified the regional split between the two parties as white Southerners became increasingly attracted to the Republican party in the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement.	16
5564888423	Vietnamization	Military strategy launched by Nixon. The plan reduced the number of American combat troops in Vietnam and left more of the fighting to the South Vietnamese, who were supplied with American armor, tanks, and weaponry.	17
5564888424	War Powers Act	Law passed by Congress limiting President's ability to wage war without approval. The act required the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing troops to a foreign conflict. An important consequence of the Vietnam War, this piece sought to reduce the President's authority in military matters.	18
5564890029	Watergate	Series of scandals that resulted in President Richard Nixon's resignation amid calls for his impeachment. The episode sprang from a failed burglary attempt at Democratic party headquarters in Washington's Watergate Hotel during the election.	19
5564978456	Henry A Kissinger	National Security Advisor and Secretary of State during the Nixon Administration. He was responsible for negotiating an end to the Yom Kippur War as well as the Treaty of Paris that led to a ceasefire in Vietnam in 1973.	20
5564978457	Warren E Burger	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1969 to 1986. Burger was responsible for bringing the Court somewhat back to the right after the Earl Warren years. He presided over major cases involving abortion, affirmative action, the death penalty, and school desegration	21
5564979771	Rachel Carson	American conservationist whose 1962 book Silent Spring galvanized the modern environmental movement that gained significant traction in the 1970s.	22
5564979772	George McGovern	Liberal senator from North Dakota who lost a landslide election to Richard Nixon. He eventually lost his senate seat in the conservative revolution that swept Ronald Reagan into the White House	23
5564981666	Leonid Brezhnev	General Secretary of the Communist Party and premier of the Soviet Union from 1964, when he ousted Khrushchev, to his death. Brezhnev engaged in détente with American presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter and in both series of SALT negotiations. He led the Soviet Union during its initial foray into Afghanistan	24
5564983394	James E Carter Jr	39th president of the United States. He defeated Gerald Ford. He arranged the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel but saw his foreign policy legacy tarnished by the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis. He tried to rally the American spirit in the face of economic decline, but was unable to stop the rapid increase in inflation. After leaving the presidency, he achieved widespread respect as an elder statesman and won the Nobel Peace Prize.	25
5564983395	John Dean III	White House counsel to Richard Nixon from 1970 to 1973 who became involved in the Watergate break-in and cover-up. After pleading guilty to obstruction of justice charges, he became a key witness for the prosecution whose testimony was later corroborated by tape recordings.	26
5564986295	Gerald Ford	38th president of the United States. A long-serving Congressman from Michigan, Ford was appointed vice president when Spiro Agnew resigned. He succeeded to the presidency upon Nixon's resignation and focused his brief administration on containing inflation and reviving public faith in the presidency. Ford was defeated narrowly by Jimmy Carter.	27