AP US History Semester 1 Flashcards

8535016902	Fort Sumter	Northern base located in Southern land; Where first shots were fired	0
8535016903	Border States	Slave states loyal to Union; Half of Southern manufacturing located here	1
8535016904	Southern Advantages of War	Defensive war; Excellent soldiers; Talented officers	2
8535016905	Southern Disadvantages of War	Poor transportation system; Few factories; Inflation	3
8535016906	Northern Advantages of War	3/4 of nation's wealth; 3/4 of nation's RR; manpower; stable government; control of seas	4
8535016907	Northern Disadvantages of War	Offensive war; Lack of leaders	5
8535016908	European Aid	Europeans relied more on US wheat and corn than cotton	6
8535016909	Bull Run	Near Northern capital (DC); First major plan; Union retreated in a panic	7
8535016910	New Union Plan	Southern blockade; Liberate slaves; Seize Mississippi River; Fracture the confederacy; Capture Richmond; Engage the enemies main strength	8
8535016911	Antietam Creek	Bloody "Union" victory(more like draw); Victory keeps France and Britain out of war; Enables Lincoln to launch Emancipation Proclamation	9
8535016912	Emancipation Proclamation	Freed slaves in areas of rebellion; Strengthened moral cause in North	10
8535016913	Gettysburg	First battle in North; First eastern side North win	11
8535016914	Vicksburg (seals deal)	Another Union victory after Gettysburg; Reopened the Mississippi River; Killed South's hope for foreign intervention	12
8535016915	Sherman's March	Sherman destroyed everything in path to sea; Shortened war and weakened morale	13
8535016916	Andrew Johnson Presidency	Tennessee War Democrat; Freedmen's Bureau; Reconstruction plans; Black Codes; 13-15 amendments; Tries to veto everything; Almost impeached	14
8535016917	Freedmen's Bureau	Provides resources for freedmen and women; Johnson tried to veto but failed; Taught 200,000 blacks how to read	15
8535016918	13th Amendment	Ends slavery	16
8535016919	14th Amendment	Citizenship to freed slaves	17
8535016920	Civil Rights Bill	All persons born in US are citizens and cannot be deprived of that; Representation of states taken away if fail to follow; Confederates cannot hold federal office	18
8535016921	Johnson's "swing around the circle"	Johnson went from state to state for democratic support; More republicans then sent to Congress	19
8535016922	15th Amendment	Black males can vote	20
8535016923	Reconstruction Act of 1867	Created 5 military districts; Southern states must ratify 14th amendment; Black males can vote	21
8535016924	Impeachment of Johnson	Tenure of Office Act made to set up Johnson; House votes to impeach but falls 1 vote short	22
8535016925	Radical Reconstruction Success	Public school system, reformed tax system, property rights to women, more black political participation	23
8535016926	Radical Reconstruction falls short	North tired of "Southern Problems"; Republican governments set up in South, but 3 only actually happen	24
8535016927	Seward's Polly	Purchase of Alaska from Russia	25
8535016928	Manifest Destiny	The movement that citizens of the United States were destined to move west	26
8535016929	Cotton	Depleted Soil; Half value of all American exports; One crop economy	27
8535016930	Mountain Whites	Racist people that were anti-slavery	28
8535016931	Nat Turner Rebellion	60 whites and over 200 blacks were killed; Turner and 19 others were hung	29
8535016932	Southern Response to Abolitionists	Tighter slave codes; Use Bible to support slavery; House says no debate on slavery; Burned propaganda	30
8535016933	William Harrison Presidency	Whig; Died 4 weeks into term	31
8535016934	John Tyler Presidency	Democrat in Whig Clothing (hated Jackson); Ends Independent Treasury, Vetoes Bank Bill; Approved Moderate Tariff; Maine disputed; Acquires Texas	32
8535016935	Webster-Ashburton Treaty	Disputes land evenly between Unites and British of Maine and Minnesota	33
8535016936	James Polk Presidency	Democrat; Wins on Manifest Destiny Platform; Mexican War	34
8535016937	Polk's 4 Goals	Lower Tariff, Restore Independent Treasury, Settle Oregon Dispute, California	35
8535016938	Mexican War	Polk proposed $25 million for California and eastern land, but Mexico refused; Bitter relations with Mexico; Slavery revisited	36
8535016939	Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo	US payed $18 million to Mexico for California, Texas, and all last east	37
8535016940	Free Soil Party (Van Buren)	Abolitionists and Northern Democrats that supported Wilmot Proviso	38
8535016941	Wilmot Proviso	No slavery in new territory	39
8535016942	Zachary Taylor Presidency	Whig; Compromise of 1850; California Debate (dies during debate)	40
8535016943	Compromise of 1850	California is a free state; Mexican Cession left to popular sovereignty; No slave trade in DC; More strict slave laws; Disputed Texas territory given to New Mexico	41
8535016944	Franklin Pierce Presidency	Democrat; Ostend Manifesto; Gadsden Purchase; Kansas-Nebraska Act	42
8535016945	Ostend Manifesto	To get another slave state; America offers Spain $120 million for Cuba	43
8535016946	Gadsden Purchase	Purchase of bottom part of Arizona and New Mexico for better railroading	44
8535016947	Kansas-Nebraska Act	Stephen Douglas; Sliced Nebraska territory into 2; Slavery decided by popular sovereignty; Shattered Democratic Party; Formed Republican Party; Fugitive Slave Laws ignored in North	45
8535016948	Lecompton Constitution	Kansas citizens would vote for or without slavery, but slavery was protected either way	46
8535016949	Dred Scott Case	Dred Scott taken into non-slave state but then brought back into slavery	47
8535016950	Election of 1824	Jackson gets most electoral votes but not the needed majority; House voted Adams as president over Jackson	48
8535016951	Corrupt Bargain	Clay gives support to Adams for Secretary of State job	49
8535016952	John Quincy Adams Presidency	Gets nothing done because plagued by Corrupt Bargain and fragmented Democratic Republican party	50
8535016953	Election of 1828	Jackson defeats Adams in rematch	51
8535016954	Andrew Jackson Presidency	Spoils System, Tariff of Abomination, Trail of Tears, Ended US Bank, Equality, No property qualifications for voting	52
8535016955	Spoils System	Rewarding political supporters with government jobs	53
8535016956	Tariff of Abomination	Tariff increase supported by south to hurt north	54
8535016957	South Carolina Exposition	Written saying tariff was unconstitutional and states could nullify; South Carolina threatened to leave Union after compromise	55
8535016958	Trail of Tears	The removal of Indians to the west; Jackson went against Supreme Court decision and forced removal	56
8535016959	Bank War	Jackson vetoed recharter for US Bank because he thought it was harmful; Increased power of presidency	57
8535016960	Election of 1836	Introduction of Whig Party; Van Buren defeats Harrison	58
8535016961	Texas	Americans settlers clashed with Mexico on slavery; Texas declared independence	59
8535016962	Election of 1840	Harrison defeats Van Buren	60
8535016963	Nativist Movement	Know-nothing party wanted to restrict immigration	61
8535016964	Factory System	Samuel Slater	62
8535016965	Cotton Gin	Eli Whitney	63
8535016966	Sewing Machine	Howe and Singer	64
8535016967	Telegraph	Samuel Morse	65
8535016968	Reaper	Cyrus McCormick	66
8535016969	Steel Plow	John Deere	67
8535016970	Cult of Domesticity	Glorified women's role in the home	68
8535016971	Steamboat	Robert Fulton	69
8535016972	Canals in New York	Dewitt Clinton	70
8535016973	South Economy	Exports cotton to New England and England	71
8535016974	West Economy	Exports grain and livestock to East and Europe	72
8535016975	East Economy	Produces machines and textiles to South and West	73
8535016976	Second Great Awakening	A religious revival movement that initiated social reforms	74
8535016977	Burned Over District	Region that was so hot religiously and it burned everything; All were converted	75
8535016978	Denounced slavery and alcohol	Charles Finney	76
8535016979	Mormonism; West	Brigham Young	77
8535016980	Education reformer; Supported longer terms and expanded curriculum	Horace Mann	78
8535016981	Wrote first dictionary	Noah Webster	79
8535016982	Mentally Ill	Dorothea Dix	80
8535016983	Prohibition of booze	Neal Dow	81
8535016984	Women's Rights	Stanton and Anthony	82
8535016985	Seneca Falls Convention	Women organizing and discussing rights	83
8535016986	Declaration of Sentiments	Modeled after Declaration of Independence for women's rights	84
8535016987	Oneida Community	Utopian society; Silverware; Free love; Eugenics	85
8535016988	Founder of the Oneida Community	John Humphrey Noyes	86
8535016989	Shakers	Prohibited marriage and sexual relations; Furniture	87
8535016990	One of first American Authors; Rip Van Winkle	Washington Irving	88
8535016991	First American Novelist; Last of the Mohicans	James Fenimore Cooper	89
8535016992	Transcendentalism	All knowledge comes to the mind through our senses; Against the government; Nature	90
8535016993	Lecturer; Critic of Slavery	Ralph Waldo Emerson	91
8535016994	Civil Disobedience; Condemned slavery and didn't play taxes	Henry David Thoreau	92
8535016995	Poet; Leaves of Grass	Walt Whitman	93
8535016996	Tariff	Tax	94
8535016997	Excise Tax	Domestic/Sales Tax	95
8535016998	Bill of Rights	Protects individual rights from federal government	96
8535016999	Hamilton's Economic Policy	New government assumed state and national debt; Tariffs and Excise Tax; Bank of United States	97
8535017000	Bank of United States	1/5 owned by federal government; Strict vs Loose	98
8535017001	Federalists	Pro British; Tariff; Powerful Central Gov; Loose; North; Hamilton, Adams, Jay	99
8535017002	Democratic Republicans	Pro French, Support Free Speech; States Rights; Support the Democracy; Strict; South; Jefferson, Madison, Monroe	100
8535017003	Whiskey Rebellion	Farmers, who relied on selling their distilled grain, rose in defiance of the excise tax. Militia scattered the "rebels". The incident confirmed the power of the national government.	101
8535017004	Washington's Neutrality Proclamation	To stay Neutral with France	102
8535017005	Jay's Treaty	British would evacuate forts and pay damage to US ships. No mention of Impressment (purpose of going, failed)	103
8535017006	Washington's Farewell Address	Washington retiring as president. He was concerned that the parties would end up splitting up the nation. Political parties are divisive and to stay neutral in alliances.	104
8535017007	XYZ Affair	US go to French and "X,Y,Z" demanded $250,000 bribe to speak to Talleyrand.	105
8535017008	Convention of 1800	Peace agreement that ends hostility with French and ends French alliance	106
8535017009	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Written by Jefferson and Madison in response to Alien and Sedition Acts; Federal regime had exceeded its constitutional powers; Nullification was rightful remedy	107
8535017010	Alien Acts	Deportation of Dangerous Allies	108
8535017011	Sedition Acts	Restriction of free speech and speaking against the president	109
8535017012	Revolution of 1800	Peaceful transfer of power	110
8535017013	Election of 1800	Tie between Jefferson and Burr. House (Federalists) vote on party winner	111
8535017014	Jefferson's Change in Policies	Pardoned Sedition Act violators; Eliminated excise tax	112
8535017015	Louisiana Purchase	Currently controlled by French and aren't being used by them. President buys land $15 million, 3 cents per acre	113
8535017016	Marbury vs Madison	Federalists losing power of Congress and Presidency; Marbury sued Madison; Federalists add more judges to federal court; Established Judicial Review	114
8535017017	Judicial Review	Power of Supreme Court to judge whether act violates Constitution	115
8535017018	Embargo Act	President said we are not trading with anyone; Hurt the northern states	116
8535017019	Non-Intercourse Act	No trade with Britain and France; Spurred New England Industry	117
8535017020	Macon's Bill No. 2	Whoever follows restrictions can trade with US; France agreed	118
8535017021	War Hawks	Someone who wants war	119
8535017022	War of 1812	War with British; British invading	120
8535017023	Hartford Convention	Financial assistance for lost trade; Congress must have 2/3 vote for embargo or to declare war; Contributed to death of federalist party	121
8535017024	Treaty of Ghent	Armistice (to stop fighting) and return all territory	122
8535017025	Battle of New Orleans	Andrew Jackson makes fame	123
8535017026	American System	Strong bank; Protective Tariff; Network of roads and canals	124
8535017027	Panic of 1819	"Banks are evil and are taking money"	125
8535017028	Missouri Compromise	Missouri slaves, Maine free; No slavery above Missouri	126
8535017029	Monroe Doctrine	An attempt to forestall European intervention into Western Hemisphere; No additional colonization; Nonintervention of European powers; Self Defense Doctrine	127
8535017030	McCulloch vs Maryland	Maryland wanted to tax US Bank branch in Maryland; Marshall confirmed existence of bank; Gives power to federalists and taxes away from DR	128
8535017031	Virginia	Unemployment, not able to farm led to founding; Settlers not used to fending for themselves; Plenty of unused food; Tobacco major cash source; House of Burgesses; South	129
8535017032	Maryland	Lord Baltimore wanted financial profits and a refuge for Catholics; Tobacco; South	130
8535017033	New York	Established for quick profit on trade; Many immigrants; Most diverse; Autocratic Dutch colony; No religious tolerance; Fertile; Middle	131
8535017034	Pennsylvania:	William Penn and Quakers founded to make profit and experiment with government; Liberal land policy and encouraged immigrants; Fair with Natives; Representative Assembly; Anti-war/slavery; No tax supported church; Middle	132
8535017035	New England:	Puritans wanted to purify Catholic church, extreme Christians; Rocky soil; Little religious toleration; Family Stability; Crude government and regulations formed by Mayflower Compact	133
8535017036	Colonial Similarities	English customs/language; Protestant (besides Maryland); Some ethnic and religious tolerance (Puritans least); Social mobility; Self government; Self taxation; Education System	134
8535017037	Seven Years War (French and Indian War)	A war fought between England, Prussia vs France, Spain, Austria, Russia. It led to enormous land gains for Great Britain.	135
8535017038	Albany Conference	A conference to keep the Iroquois loyal to Britain and one of the first attempts at colonial unity.	136
8535017039	Treaty of Paris 1763	French left Canada and Ohio River Valley. Colonial esteem bolstered and military experience gained. Spain received Trans-Mississippi Louisiana from French. Losers = Indians. French are kicked out. All due to French/Indian War	137
8535017040	Proclamation of 1763	Stop colonization until Indian issue stopped. Formed by British	138
8535017041	Mercantilism	Money = Power	139
8535017042	Benefits of Mercantilism	Price Supports, Tobacco Monopoly, British Navy Protection	140
8535017043	Disadvantages of Mercantilism	British Middlemen, Stifled Economy, Money Shortages/No Banks	141
8535017044	Sugar Act	Not trading sugar with French. Restrictions on foreign buying	142
8535017045	Quartering Act	Feed and house British soldiers	143
8535017046	Stamp Act	Every action required a stamp (eventually removed)	144
8535017047	Stamp Act Congress	27 delegates from 9 colonies. Non-importation agreement. Plan to BOYCOTT	145
8535017048	Declaratory Acts	Declared they could do whatever they want to US	146
8535017049	Townshend Act	Tax on Paper, Tea, Lead, Glass. Led to Boston Massacre	147
8535017050	Committees of Correspondence	Spread Spirit of Resistance through letters	148
8535017051	Sam Adams	Political Agitator and Organizer of Rebellion	149
8535017052	Boston Tea Party	Protesters threw tea into harbor in rebelliance against Townshend Act	150
8535017053	Intolerable Acts	Closed Boston Port and Restricted Town Meetings	151
8535017054	Quebec Act	French retained government and customs in Canada. Colonists upset because French is extended to Ohio River Valley	152
8535017055	First Continental Congress and the Association	Philadelphia; 12 colonies sent 55 men. Created the Association (complete boycott). No call for independence. Wrote Declaration of Rights	153
8535017056	British Disadvantages of War	Second-rate generals, poor system of transportation, needed to conquer America, distance from home	154
8535017057	British Advantages of War	Wealth and Naval Power, More people	155
8535017058	American Disadvantages of War	Badly Organized, Money Problems, Lack of Military Supplies and Manufactured Goods	156
8535017059	American Advantages of War	Outstanding leadership, Self-Sustaining Economy, Foreign Aid (France), Fighting a defensive war	157
8535017060	Second Continental Congress	Full 13 colonies. To raise money for defense. Hope mercy called. Selected George Washington to head Army. Strong conservative and no sentiment for independence.	158
8535017061	Olive Branch Petition	Professed loyalty to crown and begged for further hostilities. King said no. Led to war officially starting	159
8535017062	Thomas Paine and Common Sense	Called for Independence and Created Democratic Republic	160
8535017063	Declaration of Independence	To cut British tie. Included need for human rights, no misdeeds. Jefferson wrote and words inspired by John Locke.	161
8535017064	Battle of Saratoga	Colonists won and led to French Support	162
8535017065	Treaty of Alliance with France	Colonial War becomes World War. French joins USA in fight.	163
8535017066	Treaty of Paris 1783	British eager for amends, British recognized Independence, Western Boundary Mississippi River	164
8535017067	Articles of Confederation	No executive. Weak congress / can't collect money. Judicial concerns left to states. Each state has one vote. Amendment has to be unanimous. Together but states mainly control themselves.	165
8535017068	Shay's Rebellion	Back country farmers revolting against foreclosures and taxes. Demanded lighter taxes and cheaper money. Led to stronger national government	166
8535017069	Mobocracy	Large groups wanting change	167
8535017070	Constitution	Great Compromise. Bicameral Legislature. Senate. House. 3/5 Slave Compromise (Gives South more representation and power). Slave trade ends	168
8535017071	Starving Time	Settlers were not used to fending for themselves; Plenty of unused food and wasted time looking for gold	169
8535017072	Acts of Toleration	Passed in 1694 local assembly guaranteeing safety and allowance of Christians; Gives religious tolerance to Protestants and Catholics	170
8535017073	House of Burgesses	Miniature Parliament; First Government; Representative Democracy	171
8535017074	Predestination	a belief that the moment of creation if one is going to heaven or hell	172
8535017075	Conversion	a sign that you are/are not saved	173
8535017076	Mayflower Compact	A document that agreed to form a crude government and set of regulations in Massachusetts Bay Colony; It led to Constitutions	174
8535017077	Fundamental Orders	Democratic Constitution	175
8535017078	New England Confederation	The banding of 4 colonies to defend against foes and deal with intercolonial problems; Exclusive Puritan club	176
8535017079	Navigation Laws	Laws that were unpopular used to suppress smuggling; To try to force colonies to trade within empire	177
8535017080	Bacon's Rebellion	Bacon attacked Indians, chased governor from Jamestown, and set town to fire; Indentured Servants given poor land to farm; Led to other slaves	178
8535017081	Middle Passage	Slave passage from Africa to West Indies	179
8535017082	Molasses Act	Says colonies can't trade molasses with West Indies	180
8535017083	Great Awakening	Religious Revival; People started again believing that good works led to salvation; Back to conservative and religion	181
8535017084	Southwest	Complexed Trading; Corn, Beans, Squash; Irrigation; Gatherers; Vegetables; Dependent on dry agriculture, rainfall; Pueblos; Lived close to one another; Stone; Brick, Dried Clay; Canals; Pottery; Dogs; Anasazi, Hohokam	182
8535017085	Mississippi Valley	Very trade based; Maize, bean cultivation for high population; Hunters, Gatherers, Farmers; Didn't need irrigation; Thatch Covered Houses; Mounds, Daub Houses; Near water and streams; Muskogean Language; Large Walls and watch towers; Disappeared; Lots of temples and mounds; Cahokia	183
8535017086	Pacific Coast	Hunted sea mammals; Berries; NOT farmers; Wide variety of food; Dams, Reservoirs; Coastal villages; Long houses- wood, bark; boat builders; tools; baskets; totem poles; higher archery	184
8535017087	Eastern Woodland	Horticulture, Hunter, Gatherer; Corn, Beans, Squash; Lots of resources; long houses; 5 or more tribes combined; gender roles; Iroquois Confederacy	185
8535017088	Plains	Heavily hunted large animals (bison); Not farmers; Extensive crop trade; Nomadic; Tee Pees; Sioux	186
8535017089	Aztec	Trade; Farming; Bartery; Adobe, sun dried clay; Surpluss Food; Human Sacrifices; Big Groups; Sewer Systems; Huge temples; 15 million	187
8535017090	Encomienda System	A system used by the Spanish Government to regulate Native Americans and reward Spanish colonists. It legalized forced slave labor and asked the colonist to convert natives to Christianity.	188
8535017091	Aztec Collapse	Too many enemies; Not as advanced weapons; Smallpox; Supplies cut off	189
8535017092	Black Legend	False concept that Spanish tortured and butchered Native Americans, stole their gold, purposely gave them Smallpox; Believed by De Aza	190
8535017093	Mestizo	Mexican people of mixed descent; Formed unique culture	191
8535017094	Capitalism	For mother country to make a lot of $	192
8535017095	Mercantilism (wealth equals power)	In a system in which a country attempts to amass wealth through trade with other countries, exporting more than it imports and increasing stores of gold and precious metal; Buying more than selling	193
8535017096	Iroquois Confederacy	Force against Europeans in NY	194