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AP European History - People Flashcards

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9965636010Martin Luther(1483-1546)German Reformation Justification by faith alone Attack indulgences (paying for mortal sins). 1517, posting of 95 thesis. Diet of Worms(1521) - met with HRE Charles V, didnt go that well Did not support peasant social revolution.0
9965636011Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)English "Defender of the Faith" Pope Leo X allowed his divorce Made himself head of the Church of England Reformation. Had many wives Act of Supremacy created Church of England.1
9965636012John Calvin (1509-1564)French Book: The Institutes of Christian Religion Reformation Calvanism2
9965636013John Locke (1632-1704)English philosopher Tabula Rasa: the idea that people are born with no prior knowledge Thought people had the right to Life, Liberty, and Property Government's purpose was to protect these rights If the govt. wasn't working for the people then the people could overthrow it and make a new government3
9965636014Isaac Newton (1642-1727)English Mathematician and physicist Book: Principia (1687) Laws of Motion Laws of Gravity4
9965636015Napoleon (1769-1821)French general and emperor Rose through the ranks of army after the French Revolution Crowned himself emperor (1804) Lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia His final loss to Britain and Prussia:Battle of Waterloo He was exiled to the island of St. Helena5
9965636016Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)Sun King Divine Right Versailles used to manipulate nobles. Mercantilism Politique Revoked Edict of Nantes War of Spanish Succession. Absolutism.6
9965636017Copernicus & GalileoScientific Revolution. 1473-1543 Heliocentric Universe. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. (1564-1642, Telescope, Math)7
9965636018Elizabeth I(1558-1603) Politique. 39 articles made moderate protestentism official religion of england. Executed Mary queen of scots. Failed Spainish Armada.8
9965636019Peter the Great(1682-1725) Romanov Dynasty. Westernization. Beginning in 1689 Peter gives Russia a crash course in Western ways. He sent Russians to the West to study, brought foreigners into Russia. Taming Streltsy and Boyars. Developed a navy. Founded St. Petersburg. Politique.9
9965636020Adam Smith(1723-1790) Enlightenment. Economist. Capitaism. The Wealth of Nations (1776). Selfish Economic Interests. Laissez- Faire - limited role of government in economic life. Invisible Hand.10
9965636021Metternich..., Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of liberal nationalism throughout Europe.11
9965636022Marx..., developed "scientific socialism", said that productive forces and economic relationships together made up the foundation of society. therefore, classes would conflict until the 'golden age' of communism took over12
9965636023DarwinEnglish natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)13
9965636024BismarkThe Prussian minister-president who came from a Junker family. He was the architect of the unification of Germany. He wanted to loosen Hapsburg grip on German affairs and establish Prussia as a respectable and dominant power.14
9965636025Leninfounded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.15
9965636026FreudPsychologist who developed psychoanalysis, a method of probing the unconscious mind, frequently by analyzing dreams. He believed that humans were driven by unconscious pleasure-seeking forces.16
9965636027Medici FamilyWealthiest Florentine Family. Financed much of the Renaissance. Powerful Italinan family. Most famous member: Catherine de Medici17
9965636028Petrarchone of the earliest and most influential humanists. "father of Renaissance humanism" great poet18
9965636029MachiavelliWrote "The Prince", a book that recommended harsh and arbitrary rule for princes19
9965636030DonatelloFlorentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466)20
9965636031Leonardo da VinciItalian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect21
9965636032Michelangelofamous painter and sculptor who painted the ceiling of the Sistene Chapel in the Vatican and statue of David22
9965636033RaphaelItalian painter whose many paintings exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissance (1483-1520)23
9965636034BotticelliItalian painter of mythological and religious paintings (1444-1510)24
9965636035ErasmusRenaissance. Most famous of Northern Humanists. Religious reformer. Prince of Humanists25
9965636036Thomas MoreRenaissance. Most famouus English Humanists. Wrote Utopia critizing contemporary society.26
9965636037CervantesRenaissance. Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' (1547-1616)27
9965636038Rembrandt Harmenszoon van RijnReligious Wars. Influential Dutch artist (1606-1669)28
9965636039Van EyckNorthern Renaissance. Artist. Arnolfini Wedding29
9965636040Mary I queen of englandReligious wars. Undid alot of her brothers pro-protestent acts. Was extremly violent against protestents30
9965636041Ignatius LoyolaFounded the Society of Jesus (jesuits), resisted the spread of Protestantism, Counter Reformation31
9965636042Prince Henry the NavigatorAge of Discovery. Portugese prince who sponsered portuguese exploration of African coast32
9965636043Vasco de GamaAge of Discovery. Portuguese explorer and the first person to navigate a route to the East and India33
9965636044Cortez and PizarroAge of Discovery. Spanish Conquistadors who conquered the Aztec and Incans34
9965636045Philip IIKing of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I35
9965636046James IPaths to Constitutionalism succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings and by raising taxes without permission. Problems with puritans (1566-1625)36
9965636047Charles I(1625-1649) Continued to raise taxes and alienate parliment and have Catholic sympathies. Didnt call parliment for a while, short parliement then long parliment then english civl war.37
9965636048Oliver CromwellEnglish general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War. established Puratin Republic38
9965636049Charles IIReset status quo. Had catholic sympathies. Tried to work with parliement39
9965636050James II..., English king from 1685-1688. He made enemies with Parliment when he displayrd his Catholic faith, appointed Catholics to offices within the government, and had a Catholic son who would be heir to the throne. He was depsoed in 168840
9965636051William and Mary..., These people were the king and queen of England after the Glorious Revolution that recognized the supremacy of the English Parliament41
9965636052Catherine de Mediciwife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre.42
9965636053Henry IV (of Navarre)French Bourbon king. A POLITIQUE. Converted from Calvinism to Catholicism to support his country. ("Paris is worth a Mass"). Proclaimed the EDICT OF NANTES. LAID FOUNDATION FOR FRANCE TO BECOME THE STRONGEST EUROPEAN POWER IN THE 17TH CENTURY43
9965636054Cardinal RichelieuThis was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy44
9965636055Jean-Baptiste ColbertAn economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.45
9965636056Fredrick II (the Great)King of Prussia, fought the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War against Maria Theresa46
9965636057Benito MussoliniFascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)47
9965636058Adolf HitlerThis dictator was the leader of the Nazi Party. He believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces.48
9965636059Leon TrotskyRussian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin49
9965636060StalinRussian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition50
9965636061Winston Churchhill(1874-1965) Prime Minister of Great Britain during World War II.51
9965636062Catherine the GreatAn enlightened despot who ruled over Russia. She is responsible for many positive changes in Russia, as well as securing the country a warm water port.52
9965636063William of OrangeAge of Religious wars. Led calvinist movement in the Netherlands. Helped unite Netherlands against the Spanish in hope for independence (Pacification of Ghent).53
9965636064BraheHe believed that other planets revolved around the Sun, but that the Sun and Moon revolved around the Earth.54
9965636065KeplerGerman astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)55
9965636066HarveyCirculation of blood56
9965636067PascalFrench mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist57
9965636068Thomas Hobbeswrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society58
9965636069Francis Bacon(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.59
9965636070Descartes"I Think, Therefore I am", (1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.60
9965636071Montesquieu(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government61
9965636072VoltaireFrench writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)62
9965636073Louis XVI- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.63
9965636074Marie AntoninetteAustrian royal who becomes Queen of France and killed during the Reign of Terror64
9965636075Robespierreleader of the Committee of Public Safety who intiated the Reign of Terror65
9965636076Wordsworth/Coleridge/Byron/Shelly/NeatsEnglish Romatic Writers66
9965636077Thomas Malthusan English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)67
9965636078David RicardoPrinciples of Political Economy (1817); "iron law of wages": rise of population means rise of amount of workers, which cause wages to fall below the subsistence level, resulting in misery and starvation. wages should not be raised68
9965636079GaribaldiUnited southern italy. Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882)69
9965636080MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini was the first person that tried to unify all of Italy.His brand of democratic republicanism seemed too radical for the people. Austria smashed Mazzini's republicanism in 1848.70
9965636081Count Cavorprime minister of sardinia-piedmont, provoked austria into a war which led to the reunification of the northern italian states. United Italy71
9965636082Alexander II(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.72
9965636083Captain DreyfusThis french Jewish captain was falsely accused for spying for the Germans73
9965636084William GladstoneOne of Britain's great liberal leaders, he favored expanding political rights for British men. He served several times during the mid to late 1800s.74
9965636085Benjamin Disraelileading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867;75
9965636086Albert Einsteinphysicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity76
9965636087Hebert SpencerSocial Darwinism, believed that if society was left alone it could correct it's own problems; it tends naturally toward health and ability77
9965636088Archduke Francis Ferdinandheir to the throne of Austria Hungary; assassinated .; sparked WWI78
9965636089Tsar Nicholas IILast Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin. In WWI ordered a partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary, forcing a chain reaction of mobilization.79
9965636090RousseauFrench philosopher from 1712-1778 who believed that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society. "Social Contract"80
9965636091Kaiser Wilhelm (William)Also known as Wilhelm II; he was the first king or kaiser of unified Germany.81
9965636092Christine de Pisan(1363-1434) Renassance Wrote the Renaissance's woman's survival manual ('The City of Ladies,' 1405), possibly Europe's first feminist.82
9965636093Mikhail GorbachevHead of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. Responsible for collapse of SU. Glasnot, Economic Perestroika, Army Perestroika. Did not put down 1989 revolutions83
9965636094Olympe de GougesA proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791),84
9965636095Emmeline PankhurstLeader of the WSPU (Women's Social and Political Union), which fought for women's suffrage in Britain.85
9965636096Alexandra KollontaiRussian revolutionary and diplomat, commissar for social welfare in 1918 and head of the women's section of the Communist Party86
9965636097Simone de BeauvoirFrench feminist and existentialist and novelist (1908-1986) Author of Second Sex87
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