AP Biology Chapter 16 Flashcards

8556625722	DNA replication	The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis	0
8556625723	transformation	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer	1
8556625724	bacteriophage	A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage	2
8556625725	virus	An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope	3
8556625726	A and T=30, C and G=20	percentage breakdown of human DNA	4
8556625727	double helix	The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.	5
8556625728	antiparallel	Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' S 3' directions)	6
8556625729	3.4 nm and 10 nucleotides	length between 2 nucleotides and # of nucleotides per turn	7
8556625730	2 hydrogen bonds	adenine forms	8
8556625731	3 hydrogen bonds	guanine forms	9
8556625732	2 nm	diameter of the double helix	10
8556625733	semiconservative model	Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand	11
8556625734	conservative model	the two parental strands somehow come back together after the process	12
8556625735	dispersive model	all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA	13
8556625736	origin of replication	Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides	14
8556625737	replication fork	A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized.	15
8556625738	helicase	An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands.	16
8556625739	single-strand binding protein	A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA	17
8556625740	topoisomerase	A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication, ________ helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork	18
8556625741	primer	A short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication	19
8556625742	primase	An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template	20
8556625743	DNA polymerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain. There are several different ________; ________ III and _______ I play major roles in DNA replication in E. coli.	21
8556625744	500 nucleotides per second and 50/second	rate of elongation in bacteria and humans respectively	22
8556625745	nucleoside triphosphate	a nucleoside (a sugar and base) with three phosphate groups. where each added nucleotide comes from	23
8556625746	leading strand	The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' S 3' direction	24
8556625747	lagging strand	A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' S 3' direction away from the replication fork	25
8556625748	okazaki fragment	A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. Many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA. about 1000-2000 nucleotides in bacteria and 100-200 in eukaryotes	26
8556625749	sliding clamp	DNA pol III is closely associated with this. it encircles the newly synthesized double helix like a doughnut. it moves DNA pol III along the DNA template strand	27
8556625750	overview of lagging strand		28
8556625751	DNA polymerase III	adds nucleotides to the primer in the 3' direction	29
8556625752	DNA polymerase I	in the lagging strand, replaces RNA primer nucleotides with DNA nuceleotides	30
8556625753	DNA ligase	A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5' end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain)	31
8556625754	1) all the proteins are part of one complex 2) the template is likely moved through the complex	2 ways its not like a train	32
8556625755	1/10^10 and 1/10^5	completed error rate and error rate	33
8556625756	mismatch repair	The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides	34
8556625757	nuclease	An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides	35
8556625758	nucleotide excision repair	A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment (usually DNA pol I) of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide	36
8556625759	thymine dimers	the covalent linking of thymine bases that are adjacent on a DNA strand. causes the DNA to buckle and interfere with DNA replication	37
8556625760	telomeres	The tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule. ________ protect the organism's genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication. repeating TTAGGG sequence between 100 and 1000 times	38
8556625761	telomerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells	39
8556625762	negative	charge of the backbone	40
8556625763	histones	responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin	41
8556625764	H2A, H2B, H3, H4	four common types of histone	42
8556625765	nucleosome	the "bead" on the string. the basic unit of DNA packing. 10 nm in length	43
8556625766	linker DNA	the DNA between nucleosomes	44
8556625767	histone tail	the amino end that extends outwards from each histone	45
8556625768	H1	a fifth histone involved in nucleosome packing	46
8556625769	30-nm fiber	uses H1 histone that packs the nucleosome into thicker fibers	47
8556625770	looped domains	the 30 nm fibers loop into these that attach to a scaffold of proteins, thus making a 300 nm fiber	48
8556625771	scaffold	rich in topoisomerase and H1 molecules	49
8556625772	metaphase chromosome	in a mitotic chromosome, the looped domains themselves coil and fold in a manner further compacting into a 700 nm chromatid	50
8556625773	nucleoid	A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated	51
8556625774	chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	52
8556625775	heterochromatin	Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed	53
8556625776	euchromatin	The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription	54
8556625777	depurination	type of DNA damage in which a purine base is removed	55
8556625778	deamination	type of DNA damage in which an amine group is removed from a molecule	56
8556625779	uner tan syndrome	Persons affected by this syndrome walk with a quadrupedal locomotion and are afflicted with primitive speech and severe mental retardation	57
8556625780	photolyase	DNA repair enzymes that repair damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet light	58
8556625781	phosphodiester bond	the bond between two nucleotides	59
8556625782	major groove	the bigger of the distances between base pairs	60